Numerals arabic

Stoichiometric Proportions. The stoichiometric proportions of the constituents in a formula may be denoted by Greek numerical prefixes mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona- (Latin), deca-, undeca- (Latin), dodeca-,. . . , icosa- (20), henicosa- (21),. . . , tri-conta-(30), tetraconta-(40),. . . , hecta-(100), and so on, preceding without a hyphen the names of the elements to which they refer. The prefix mono can usually be omitted occasionally hemi-(1/2) and sesqui- (%) are used. No elisions are made when using numerical prefixes except in the case of icosa- when the letter i is elided in docosa- and tricosa-. Beyond 10, prefixes may be replaced by Arabic numerals. 

The names of addition compounds are formed by connecting the names of individual compounds by a dash (—) and indicating the numbers of molecules in the name by Arabic numerals separated by the solidus (diagonal slash). All molecules are cited in order of increasing number those having the same number are cited in alphabetic order. However, boron compounds and water are always cited last and in that order. 

Mono-, di-, and triunsaturated fatty acids are named with Arabic numeral locants for the unsaturated positions and with the suffix -enoic, -adienoic, and -atrienoic acid in place of the -ane ending of the saturated hydrocarbon name, eg, 10,12,14-octadecatrienoic acid. 

In naming the derivatives of pentazenes, the numeration of the nitrogens of the open chain is in Roman numerals, I, II, III, IV and V the numeration of any substituent attached to the nitrogens is in Arabic numerals... 

Arabic numerals have also been used in this context, but confusion may result when component sugar residues have structural modifications (eg. cha n requiring superscript locant numbers. The present recommendation folio long established usage in glycolipids [21]. 

Figure 7-11. Normal and pathologic patterns of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes in human serum. LDH isozymes of serum were separated by electrophoresis and visualized using the coupled reaction scheme shown on the left. (NBT, nitroblue tetrazolium PMS, phenazine methylsulfate). At right is shown the stained electropherogram. Pattern A is serum from a patient with a myocardial infarct B is normal serum and C is serum from a patient with liver disease. Arabic numerals denote specific LDH isozymes.

Figure 41-9. Diagrammatic representation of the structures of two ion channels. The Roman numerals indicate the four subunits of each channel and the Arabic numerals the a-helical transmembrane domains of each subunit. The actual pores through which the ions pass are not shown but are formed by apposition of the various subunits. The specific areas of the subunits involved in the opening and closing of the channels are also not indicated. (After WKCatterall. Modified and reproduced from Hall ZW An Introduction to Molecular Neurobiology. Sinauer, 1992.)...

Figure 5. Potential-energy diagram including zero-point energy for the HCC0 + 02 reaction. Energies of reactants and products ignore differences between and Intermediates species are denoted by Roman numerals, saddle points by Arabic numerals, and reactions paths are labeled A-F. Reproduced from [47] by permission of the PCCP Owner Societies.

The usual whole numbers, integers such as 1,2,3,4..., are usually referred to as Arabic numerals. It seems, however, that the basic decimal counting system was first developed in India, as it was demonstrated in an Indian astronomic calendar which dates from the third century AD. This system, which was composed of nine figures and the zero, was employed by the Arabs in the ninth century. The notation is basically that of the Arabic language and it was the Arabs who introduced the system in Europe at the beginning of the eleventh century. 

The networks that interconnect various process units and vessels to the discharge zones or flares occur widely in refineries and chemical plants. Figure 11 shows a typical configuration in which the root represents the flare, the terminal vertices represent the relief valves, and the edge (each labeled with an arabic numeral) represents a pipe section between two physical junctions (valves, flare, or pipe joints). The configuration of such a network is dictated by the layout of the process unit. In this discussion both the lengths of the pipe sections and the interconnections will be treated as specified variables. 

The fluid leaves the sampling valve from port F and enters port 2 of a second switching valve (Rheodyne type 7010). The Rheodyne valve has six ports designated by Arabic numerals. The position of this valve determines the direction of flow from port 2 either through the core or through the capillary tube. These alternative paths are depicted in the second circle shown in the figure, by either dashed or solid lines. The capillary tube, Vc, has a volume of 0.50 cc. The core, which has been saturated with the 1% acidified brine, has a length of about 5 inches and is 1/2 inch in diameter. 

Modern Groups are labeled with Arabic numerals from 1 through 18. 

In Figure 2a several important stages in the circling are labeled with Arabic numerals. In the adjacent Figure 2b the values of 0(4>, q) are plotted as < ) increases continuously. The labeled points in the two Figures correspond to each other. (The notation is that points that represent zeros of tan 0 are marked with numbers surrounded by small circles, those that represent poles are marked by numbers placed inside squares, other points of interest that are neither zero nor poles are labeled by free numbers.) The zero value of the topological phase (0/2) arises from the fact that at the point 3 (at which <(> = it/2), 0 retraces its values, rather than goes on to decrease. 

The pneumococci all belong to different types of the same species, namely, Streptococcus pneumoniae. This was earlier called Diplococcus pneumoniae, but has been renamed.5 6 7 There are some 80 different types of pneumococcus, and two systems of nomenclature, the Danish, used in Europe, and Eddy s, used in the United States.8 Tables correlating the Danish and American designations have been published.8 The Danish system, with Arabic numerals and common abbreviations, such as Phi for Type 1 and SI for its type-specific, capsular polysaccharide, will be used in this article. 

Valency is the number of electrons lost, borrowed or shared in a chemical bond. Formal charges are indicated with Arabic numerals, so the formal charge on a copper cation is expressed as Cu2+, meaning each copper cation has a deficiency of two electrons. In this system of thought, the charge on the central carbon of methane is zero. 

Care we write a formal charge with Arabic numerals, and means that the full charge exists as indicated Cu2+ means a copper atom with fully two electronic charges missing. We write an oxidation number with Roman numerals, and does not relate to any physical loss or gain of electrons it is purely a book-keeping exercise. Mnvn does not mean that a manganese atom has lost seven electrons. 

In the modern periodic table, horizontal rows are known as periods, and are labeled with Arabic numerals. These correspond to the principal quantum numbers described in the previous section. Because the outer shells of the elements H and He are 5 rather than p orbitals, these elements are usually considered differently from those in the rest of the table, and thus the 1st period consists of the elements Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, and Ne, and the 2nd Na to Ar. Periods 1 and 2 are known as short periods, because they contain only eight elements. From the discussion above, it can be seen that these periods correspond to the filling of the p orbitals (the 2p levels for the first period, and the 3p for the second), and they are consequently referred to as p-block elements. The 3rd and 4th periods are extended by an additional series of elements inserted after the second member of the period (Ca and Sr respectively), consisting of an extra ten elements (Sc to Zn in period 3 and Y... 

Arabic numerals, such a 1, 2, 3, etc., are used universally to indicate quantities. These numerals, which are represented by a zero and nine digits, are easy to read and less likely to be confused. 

Convert the following Roman numerals to Arabic numerals ... 

The basic unit for weight is grain (gr) and that of volume is minim (m). Unlike the metric units, the amount is expressed in Roman numerals after the apothecaries symbol. For example, V2 grain is expressed as gr ss but not V2 gr. Twenty minims is expressed as m xx. Sometimes physicians also use Arabic numerals in the apothecary system. For example 12 ounces can be written as l XII or 4 ounces as 4 l. Tables 2.4 and 2.5 show the relationships... 

A standard outline form using Roman and Arabic numerals and upper and lower case letters looks like this ... 

We shall now discuss how the introduction of steric bulk influences both insertion and termination. Our discussion will be based on calculations [13b] involving la of Figure 1 in which M=Ni, R= i-Pr, and R = H. We shall label the different species involved by Roman numerals to distinguish them from the corresponding generic systems labeled by Arabic numerals. In the actual calculations on la ( or Ila) use was made of a combined quantum mechanical (QM) and molecular mechanical (MM) scheme [13b] in which the core ((HN=C(H)-C(H)=NH)NiC3H7+) was represented by QM and the... 

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