Discharge zone

but it decreases by the interaction of basalt 0.702. According to this calculation, Sr/ Sr of hydrothermal solution in reservoir and discharge zone is constant (0.7035) which is consistent with that of hydrothermal solution discharging at mid-oceanic ridge. 

If fracturing occurs in hydrothermal system, hydrothermal solution in reservoir begins to ascend very rapidly along the fractures. It seems likely as an approximation that hydrothermal solution ascends with adiabatic expansion without the heat loss from hydrothermal solution to surrounding rocks because of very rapid flow rate of hydrothermal solution (1-10 m s ) at the sea floor from which hydrothermal solution issues. Temperature of hydrothermal solution decreases due to adiabatic expansion. Hydrothermal solution sometimes boils by the changes in temperature and pressure in underground. 

The precipitated amount of quartz from the ascending hydrothermal solution is calculated based on the following equation. 

If k = 10 (at 200 °Q, A/M = 0.2 (which corresponds to 1 cm width, and V = 10 m s, we obtain m = mi. This implies no precipitation of Si02 during the ascent of hydrothermal solutitMi. Equation (4.8) shows that it is more difficult to form quartz under the condititnis of higher velocity, lower A/M and lower k at lower temperature. 

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Rollers that support the vertical loads, centering thrust and others that move the rim away from the table in the discharge zone and maintain it under tension. 

Fig. 6. Side-arm tube of the apparatus for the determination of the coefficients of the heterogeneous recombination, y, of atomic gases previously dissociated in the rf discharge zone. The heterogeneous recombination proceeds on the inner glass walls of the horizontal side-arm tube and on a catalytically active cylindric sample of the metal investigated (Smith-Linnett method).

Consequently, the composition of chlorite in the discharge zone depends largely on the chemical nature of fluids (factors such as Fe "/Mg, SO /H2S, pH, aj 2+) and temperature. Movement of fluids may also be an important cause for the variability in the ratio of Fe " to Mg in hydrothermal chlorite. Wide compositional variations in chlorite from the hydrothermal ore deposits in Japan, including Kuroko and Neogene Cu-Pb-Zn vein-type deposits, are considered to reflect the variable chemical nature of ascending ore fluids and fluids that mix with ascending ore fluids at discharge zone. 

Formation of albite which is characteristic mineral of propylitic alteration occurs by heating of rocks and descending fluids at recharge zone in the hydrothermal system (Giggenbach, 1984 Takeno, 1989). Thus, it is considered that the propylitic alteration takes place at recharge zone in the hydrothermal system, while potassic alteration at discharge zone. 

Hydrothermal system at discharge zone is composed of five reservoirs such as ore deposit/zone IV boundary, zone III/II boundary, zone II/I boundary, zone I/fresh country rocks boundary and temperature of each reservoir is 250°C, 220°C, 150°C, 100°C, and 25 °C, respectively. 

The CO2 flux by hydrothermal solution from midoceanic ridges can be estimated based on the similar procedure mentioned above. The crustal production rate at midoceanic ridges (discharge zone) is 5 x 10 g/m.y. by Kaiho and Saito (1994) and 4.5 x 10 g/m.y. by Holland et al. (1996). Seawater/rock ratios for midoceanic ridge hydrothermal systems previously estimated vary widely Humphris and Thompson (1978), 2-17 (by weight) Wolery and Sleep (1976), 3.5 (by weight) Holland (1978), 10 (by weight). 

The networks that interconnect various process units and vessels to the discharge zones or flares occur widely in refineries and chemical plants. Figure 11 shows a typical configuration in which the root represents the flare, the terminal vertices represent the relief valves, and the edge (each labeled with an arabic numeral) represents a pipe section between two physical junctions (valves, flare, or pipe joints). The configuration of such a network is dictated by the layout of the process unit. In this discussion both the lengths of the pipe sections and the interconnections will be treated as specified variables. 

Sediment collected 6 km northwest of the Los Angeles County waste-water treatment plant discharge zone at Palos Verdes, CA, contained 10 ppb (dry weight) phenol (Gossett et al. 1983). In the STORET database, 9.7% of 1,158 data points for U.S. sediment were positive for the presence of phenol. The... 

Young DR, Heesen TC, Gossett RW. 1980. Chlorinated benzenes in Southern California municipal wastewaters and submarine discharge zones. In Jolley RL, Brungs WA, Cumming RB eds. Water chlorination Environmental impact and health effects, Volume 3. Ann Arbor, MI Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 471-486. 

The free-hydroxyl reactions were investigated outside the discharge zone. It was shown14 that hydroxyl might be carried by fast flow from... 

The absence of hydroxyl absorption in the reaction of oxygen atoms with hydrocarbons is evidence that oxygen atom reactions did not interfere with studying free-hydroxyl reactions, even if oxygen atoms were pumped out from the discharge zone in water vapor. 

A vacuum flow apparatus was used in experiments on hydroxyl reactions (Fig, I). The free hydroxyl, together with other active species and nondisssociated water molecules, was pumped out of the high-voltage discharge zone into the reaction vessel, through a nozzle. The substance studied was introduced into the reaction vessel from a flask of prefixed volume, through a stopcock valve. The reaction vessel was heated by means of an electric furnace. The temperature constancy was checked by means of thermocouples at various sites in the reaction vessel. 

Consequently, reactions of hydroxyl with hydrocarbons cannot be studied without spectroscopic control of the presence of hydroxyl in the reaction vessel. The latter should be cleaned immediately after a decrease in OH is observed, as it may happen that hydroxyl is no longer drawn from the zone of discharge in water vapor. Avramenko11 has shown that the discharge zone in water vapor may be a source of oxygen atoms as well. 

However, Kaufman24 considers that oxygen atoms and free hydroxyl cannot be removed from the discharge zone simultaneously. Apparently, Kaufman deduces from the glow of the reaction 0 + NO that oxygen atoms escape from the discharge zone more readily than hydroxyl from the zone of discharge in water vapor. Kaufman believes that the simultaneous presence of OH and O is impossible due to the fast reaction... 

The close proximity of processing and discharging zone ensures that the product to be processed in the thin-film machine will be subjected to a high shear rate from the moment of entry into the apparatus until... 

Figure 13 Course taken by shear gradient S, concentration X, viscosity n, and product temperature T along the length of the processing ana discharge zone of a high viscosity machine (Luwa Filmtruder)...

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