Infections of humans

Hewson CA, Jardine A. Edwards MR. Laza-Stanca V, Johnston SL Toll-like receptor 3 is induced by and mediates antiviral activity against rhinovirus infection of human bronchial epithelial cells. J Virol 2005 79 12273-12279. 

Di Rienzo AM, Alois F, Santarcangelo AC, Palladino C, Ohvetta E, Genovese D, Verani P, Levi G (1998) Virological and molecular parameters of HIV-1 infection of human embryonic astrocytes. Arch Virol 143 1599-1615... 

Brack-Werner R, Kleinschmidt A, Ludvigsen A, MeUert W, Neumann M, Herrmann R, Khim MC, Burny A, Muller-Lantzsch N, Stavrou D et al (1992) Infection of human brain cells by HIV-1 restricted virus production in chronically infected human gUal cell hnes. AIDS 6(3) 273-285... 

Lawrence DM, Durham LC, Schwartz L, Seth P, Marie D, Major EO (2004) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human brain-derived progenitor cells. J Virol 78(14) 7319-7328 Li XY, Guo F, Zhang L, Kleiman L, Cen S (2007) APOBEC3G inhibits DNA strand transfer during HIV-1 reverse transcription. J Biol Chem 282(44) 32065-32074 Lin J, Cullen BR (2007) Analysis of the interaction of primate retroviruses with the human RNA interference machinery. J Virol 81(22) 12218-12226 Liu JO (2005) The yins of T cell activation. Sci STKE 2005(265) rel... 

Muesing MA, Smith DH, Capon DJ (1987) Regulation of mRNA accumulation by a human immunodeficiency virus trans-activator protein. CeU 48(4) 691-701 Nicholson JK, Cross GD, CaUaway CS, McDougal JS (1986) In vitro infection of human monocytes with human T lymphotropic virus type Ill/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/ LAV). J Immunol 137(l) 323-329... 

Lawrence DM, Durham LC, Schwartz L, Seth P, Marie D, Major EO (2004) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human brain-derived progenitor cells. J Virol 78 7319-7328... 

Returning to bacteria, PC also appears to play a role in infection of humans by pathogenic strains/species by allowing colonization and invasiveness due to interaction with appropriate receptors on host endothelial cells (reviewed by Harnett and Harnett, 1999). This may act as a double-edged sword, however, as the PC on the surface of the bacteria can be targeted by both the innate and adaptive immune responses and indeed such responses appear to play a role in the control of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, respectively, in humans (reviewed by Harnett and Harnett, 1999). 

Laurent F, Eckmann L, Savidge TC, Morgan G, Theodos C, Naciri M, KagnoffMF Cryptosporidium parvum infection of human intestinal epithelial cells induces the polarized secretion of C-X-C chemokines. Infect Immun 1997 65 5067-5073. 

Seydel KB, Zhang T, Champion GA, Fichten-baum C, Swanson PE, Tzipori S, Griffiths JK, Stanley SL Jr Cryptosporidium parvum infection of human intestinal xenograils in SCID mice induces production of human tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-8. Infect Immun 1998 66 2379-2382. 

Bose S, Basu M, Banerjee AK (2004) Role of nucleolin in human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection of human lung epithelial cells. J Virol 78 8146-8158 Bouche G, Caizergues-Ferrer M, Bugler B, Amalric F (1984) Interrelations between the maturation of a 100 kDa nucleolar protein and pre rRNA synthesis in CHO cells. Nucleic Acids Res 12 3025-3035 Bouche G, Gas N, Prats H, Baldin V, Tauber JP, Teissie J, Amalric F (1987) Basic fibroblast growth factor enters the nucleolus and stimulates the transcription of ribosomal genes in ABAE cells undergoing GO-Gl transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84(19) 6770-6774. 

CMP, CDP, CTP, and synthetic derivatives of these nueleotides have been found to inhibit sialyltransferase activity.301" 02 Interest in such inhibitors is increasing, as they may be expected to serve as anticancer agents.269 901,303 Therefore, regulation of Golgi sialyltransferase activity appears possible by nucleotides as products of sialyl- and other glycosyl-transferase activities.1" 2 Interestingly, Epstein-Barr virus infection of human B, lymphoblastoid cell-lines leads to a diminution of sialyltransferase activity.304... 

At the outset of any consideration of the host immune response to cestode infection, the first question is why should we be interested in the immune response to cestodes The view could be advanced that the availability of effective anthelminthics and appropriate food preparation methods has reduced the impact of cestode infection on humans to almost an historical oddity. Not so. Tapeworm infection of humans... 

Helminth infections of humans are rarely immediately life-threatening. Competing health care demands in poor countries, including basic nutrition, sanitation, HIV infection and tuberculosis, dwarf the demand for better control of worms. 

Viral mobilization in vivo infection of human subject... 

Herber DL, Mercer M, Roth LM, Symmonds K, Maloney J, Wilson N (2007) Microglial activation is required for Abeta clearance after intracranial injection of Upopolysaccharide in APP transgenic mice. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2 222-231 Hide T, Takezaki T, Nakamura H, Kuratsu J, Kondo T (2008) Brain tumor stem cells as research and treatment targets. Brain Tumor Pathol 25 67-72 Hill JM, Zhao Y, Qement C, Neumann DM, Lukiw WJ (2009) HSV-1 infection of human brain cells induces miRNA-146a and Alzheimer-type inflammatory signaling. Neuroreport 20 1500-1505... 

The varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis used commercially survive when injected into mice, and at least one of the purified insecticidal toxins is toxic to mice. Infections of humans have been extremely rare (two recognized cases) and no occurrences of human toxicosis have been reported. From studies involving deliberate ingestion by human subjects, it appears possible, but not likely, that the organism can cause gastroenteritis. Bacillus thuringiensis... 

Another therapeutic application of polyhydroxylated alkaloids is as anti-viral agents. Inhibitors of processing a-glucosidases, such as castanospermine and DNJ, have been shown to decrease the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro at concentrations which are not cytotoxic to lymphocytes, whereas specific inhibitors of processing a-mannosidases (swainsonine and 1-deoxymannojirimycin) have no effect on Castanospermine and DNJ also reduce the infectivity of other retroviruses... 

HTLV-I can be consistently infected into rabbits, rats and squirrel monkeys (Lairmore et al., 2005). HTLV-I infectivity for rabbits was first reported by using intravenous inoculations of the MT-2 cell line (Akagi et al., 1985), a T-cell leukemia cell line established from a patient with ATL, and with the Ra-1 cell line (Miyoshi etal., 1985), a rabbit lymphocyte cell line derived from cocultivation of rabbit lymphocytes with MT-2 cells. The rabbit model has provided important information regarding the immune response against HTLV-1 infection (Cockerell et al., 1990). Establishment of a rabbit model of clinical HTLV-1 disease has been more problematic. In the majority of studies, rabbit infection has paralleled the asymptomatic infection of humans. Sporadic clinical lymphoprolif-erative disorders in HTLV-1-infected rabbits were reported (Simpson et al., 1996 Kindt et al., 2000 Zhao et al., 2002). In each of these cases, clinical disease developed after one year and usually several years after the initial infection. 

Li Y, Wang X, Tian S, Guo C-J, Douglas SD, Ho W-Z (2002) Methadone enhances human immunodeficiency virus infection of human immune cells. J Infect Dis 185 118-122. 

Moses AN, Nelson JA. 1994. HIV infection of human brain capillary endothelial cells implications for AIDS dementia. Adv. Neuroimmunol. 4 239 17... 

Sims AC, Baric RS, Yount B et al (2005) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavi-rus infection of human ciliated airway epithe-lia role of ciliated cells in viral spread in the conducting airways of the lungs. J Virol 79(24) 15511-15524... 

Lenard J, Robson A, Vanderof R. Photodynamic inactivation of infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses using hypericin and rose Bengal inhibition of fusion and syncytia formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 1993 90 158-62. 

Evans, A., Brachman, P.S., editors. Bacterial infections of humans. Epidemiology and control. Third Edition. 1998. p. 547. 

Ishibashi Y, Nishikawa A (2003) Role of nuclear factor-kappa B in the regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 after infection of human bronchial epithelial cells by Bordetella pertussis. Microb Pathog 35 169-177... 

LaFemina RL, Schneider CL, Robbins HL et al (1992) Requirement of active human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase enzyme for productive infection of human T-lymphoid cells. J Virol 66 7414—7419... 

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