Adaptive immune responses

Figure 11.2. Antigen presentation and activation of - and B-cell-mediated immune responses. (Adapted from Ada [57]).

Table 4.1 Cells involved in the body s immune response (Adapted from Onuki et al. [3])...

Key words fish immune organs, pattern recognition receptors (PRR), innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses, immune regulation. 

T-cells, representing the adaptive arm of the immune response, also play a critical role in atherogenesis, and enter lesions in response to the chemokines inducible protein-10 (DP-10), monokine induced by DFN-y (MIG), and DFN-inducible T-cell a-chemoattractant (I-TAC), which bind CXCR3 (a chemokine receptor containing two cysteine residues separated by one amino acid), highly expressed by T lymphocytes in the plaque. The... 

Immune Defense. Figure 1 Innate immune responses after challenge of skin or mucosa Acute inflammation and priming of adaptive immunity. 

Cellular Components of Adaptive Immune Responses are T- and B-Lymphocytes whereas Humoral Components are Antibodies. 

Immune Defense. Figure 2 Cytokines involved in the development of adaptive immune responses in secondary lympoid tissues such as the lymph nodes or spleen. Abbreviations B B-lymphocyte, IFN interferon, Ig immunoglobulin, IL interleukin, NK natural killer cell, TE T-effector (cytotoxic) lymphocyte, TH T-helper lymphocyte... 

Immune Defense. Figure 3 Drugs involved in suppressing innate and adaptive immune response. Abbreviations mob monoclonal antibody, TCR T-cell antigen receptor, IL-2 interleukin-2, R receptor, CD cluster of differentiation. 

NF-kB regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses ( immune defense) [2]. Understanding the function of NF-kB in the development, maintenance, and activation of cells from the immune system (including hematopoietic cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, B and T lymphocytes) has greatly benefited from the analysis of knockout mice in which individual NF-kB family members were defective. 

Gough DJ, Sabapathy K, Ko EY, Arthur HA, Schreiber RD, Trapani JA, Clarke CJ, Johnstone RW (2007) A novel c-Jun-dependent signal transduction pathway necessary for the transcriptional activation of interferon gamma response genes. J Biol Chem 282 938-946 Guidotti LG, Chisari EV (2001) Noncytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response. Annu Rev Immunol 19 65-91... 

APCs, antigen-producing cells MMF, mycophenolate mofetil OKT-3, muronomab-CD3. (Adapted from Mueller XM. Drug immunosuppressive therapy for adult heart transplantation I. Immune response to allograft and mechanism of action of immunosuppressants. Ann Thorac Surg 2004 77 354-362, with permission.)... 

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in humans, comprising about two thirds of peripheral blood leukocytes. Upon tissue injury, they rapidly infiltrate injury sites and play an important role in innate immune responses. In addition, they also contribute to the development of adaptive immune responses by producing an array of cytokines and chemokines. Tissue infiltration of neutrophils is initiated by signals generated by the interaction between chemoattractants produced at sites of injury and their corresponding cell surface receptors. Classical chemoattractants, such as C5a, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-... 

Macrophage function as sensors is essential for the elimination of pathogens, and also for the regulation of the adaptive immune response and of the inflammatory response [94]. 

---