Human parainfluenza viruses

Bose S, Basu M, Banerjee AK (2004) Role of nucleolin in human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection of human lung epithelial cells. J Virol 78 8146-8158 Bouche G, Caizergues-Ferrer M, Bugler B, Amalric F (1984) Interrelations between the maturation of a 100 kDa nucleolar protein and pre rRNA synthesis in CHO cells. Nucleic Acids Res 12 3025-3035 Bouche G, Gas N, Prats H, Baldin V, Tauber JP, Teissie J, Amalric F (1987) Basic fibroblast growth factor enters the nucleolus and stimulates the transcription of ribosomal genes in ABAE cells undergoing GO-Gl transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84(19) 6770-6774. 

Brideau, R.J. Oien, N.L. Lehman, D.J. Homa, F.L. Wathen, M.W. Protection of cotton rats against human parainfluenza virus type 3 by vaccination with a chimeric FHN subunit glycoprotein. J. Gen. Virol. 1993, 74, 471-477. 

Schmidt AC, McAuliffe JM, Murphy BR et al. Recombinant bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 (B/HPIV3) expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G and F proteins can be used to achieve simultaneous mucosal immunization against RSV and HPIV3. J Virol 2001 75(10) 4594-603. 

Counihan, M. E., Shay, D. K., Holman, R. C., Lowther, S. A., and Anderson, L. J. (2001). Human parainfluenza virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than five years of age in the United States. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 20, 646. 

Ray, R., Novak, M., Duncan, J. D., Matsuoka, Y., and Compans, R. W., 1993, Microencapsulated human parainfluenza virus induces a protective immune response, J. Infect Dis. 167 752-755. 

Other recently reported activities for mistletoe include antioxidant, antidiabet-ic, and antiviral effects (against human parainfluenza virus). Many reviews about the pharmacology and therapeutic utility of mistletoe in oncology have been published." i "- ... 

All compounds were assayed against both herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (PI-3) by using Madin Darby Bovine Kidney and Vero cell lines with the aim to capture structure relationship in each of the compounds. Acyclovir and oseltamivir were used as control agents. Correlation between toxicity on uninfected cells (Vero, MDBK) and antiviral activity of the synthesis compounds were determined in the same microtiter plate. The results of the antiviral study are presented in Table 2. 

Henrickson, K. J., and Savatski, L. L., 1992, Genetic variation and evolution of human parainfluenza virus type 1 hemagglutinin neuraminidase Analysis of 12 clinical isolates, J. Infect. Dis. 166 995-1005. 

Garlic has been shown in in vitro studies to have antiviral activity against several viruses including cytomegalovirus, influenza B, Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, parainfluenza virus type 3, and human rhino virus type 2(40). Antiviral activity is thought to be caused more by the ajoene component than the allicin component of garlic (46). 

The cells for DFV (dengue virus), FluV-A (influenza virus), RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), PfluV (parainfluenza virus), CDV (distemper virus), HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), and HSV (herpes simplex virus) are CV-1, MDCK, HEp-2, HMV-2, Vero, MT-4 (or Hela CD4), and RPM18226 cells, respectively. The cells were suspended in the culture medium at 1 x lO cells/ml and infected with corresponding virus. After 4-6 days of incubation at 37°C, the cell viability was determined by the... 

The parainfluenza viruses, of which there are four human serotypes, are second only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract illness. There is both a great need for and interest in developing a chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of these two viral, respiratory tract pathogens. The family Picornaviridae contains the genus Rhinovlrus. which is composed of over a hundred distinct serotypes. The rhino-viruses are recognized as the most important causative agents of the... 

Other human viral pathogens toward which castanospermine (654) displayed activity include NSW-N8 strain of influenza A virus" and type 3 parainfluenza virus.It also delayed the association of measles virus fusion glycoproteins with calnexin, and reduced the production of the virus particles in human epidermoid carcinoma cells. °... 

Tenuazonic acid has a broad toxicity spectrum and is regarded as a mycotoxin [28]. It was first detected as a growth inhibitor of tumour cells (human adenocarcinoma), and was later shown to have weak antibacterial and, at high dose levels (100-500 p,g/ml), antiviral activity towards poliovirus MEF-1, enterovirus (ECHO-9), respiratory viruses (parainfluenza-3), vaccinia and Herpes simplex (HF). It has been shown to be an inhibitor of peptide bond formation in preventing substrate binding to acceptor site of peptidyltransferase in human ribosomes [29]. 

Human diploid cell lines have been utilized classically as in vitro hosts for the propagation of polio, mumps, rubella, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster, rabies, hepatitis A, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and many other viruses. Other uses in the biotechnology industry include large-scale cultivation for the production of various cellular products, such as human interferon beta. 

Calcium elenolate (LXVI) whose structure has just been revised from an open chain aliphatic dialdehyde is also a wide spectrum extracellular virus inactivator, as might possibly be expected from comparison of its structure with that of Kethoxal. The acid is obtained from extracts of olive plants and its calcium salt has a minimal effective concentration of 0-75 per cent when tested intranasally in hamsters infected with parainfluenza 3. This concentration applied six times in 28 hours had no toxic effects and aborted the virus infection. A concentration of 0-6 per cent tested intranasally in rabbits over an extended period produced mild to moderate changes in the nasal epithelium, but a 1 0 per cent nasal spray four times daily for 14 days was well tolerated in humans [245-247]. 

Compound 5 was evaluated against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, human cytomegalovirus, vaccinia, vesicular stomatitis, coxsackie B4, polio, parainfluenza 3, reo 1,... 

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