A Double Edged Sword

While inflammation is associated negatively with vasculitis and autoimmune disease, it is also necessary to protect normal cells from viral and bacterial infection. Many of the therapies that act positively as immunosuppressants have an initial inflammatory response. While lENp is an effective therapy in the inflammatory phases of MS, the initial response to each injection is an increase in inflammatory cytokines, IL-2 and lENy (Elliott et al., 2001). Conversely, natalizumab a therapy that show ed great potential in phase EE trials for aggressive MS by blocking activated lymphocyte trafficking into the CNS was withdrawn because of deaths due to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. 

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Hansson GK, Libby P (2006) The immune response in atherosclerosis a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 6 508-519... 

Shintani T, Klionsky D J (2004) Autophagy in health and disease a double-edged sword. Science 306(5698) 990-995... 

Braunwald, E. and Kloner, R.A. (1985). Myocardial reperfusion a double-edged sword J. Clin. Invest. 76, 1713-1719. 

Editorial, A Double-Edged Sword , 2008.1 should also note that Nature, which is the primary journal of the Nature Publishing Group, responded to our meta-analysis with an excellent editorial on 6 March 2008. Citing the difficulties we had in obtaining access to complete data, they advocated a mandatory database that would provide access to the results of all trials clinical trials that are undertaken, not just those that are published. 

Dohrenwend, Bruce P., Itzhak Levav, Patrick E. Shrout, Sharon Schwartz, Guedalia Naveh, Bruce G. Link, Andrew E. Skodol and Ann Stueve, Socioeconomic Status and Psychiatric Disorders The Causation-Selection Issue , Science 255, no. 5047 (1992) 946-52 Donaldson, Liam, At Least Five a Week Evidence on the Impact of Physical Activity and Its Relationship to Health. A Report from the Chief Medical Officer , Department of Health, 2004 Editorial, A Double-Edged Sword , Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 7 (2008) 275... 

Returning to bacteria, PC also appears to play a role in infection of humans by pathogenic strains/species by allowing colonization and invasiveness due to interaction with appropriate receptors on host endothelial cells (reviewed by Harnett and Harnett, 1999). This may act as a double-edged sword, however, as the PC on the surface of the bacteria can be targeted by both the innate and adaptive immune responses and indeed such responses appear to play a role in the control of H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, respectively, in humans (reviewed by Harnett and Harnett, 1999). 

Thus, the peak current is directly proportional to the scan rate and a plot of /p vs. t gives the total amount, NJy of species present on the surface. In order to increase /p, and thus the sensitivity of the technique, it is only necessary to increase the scan rate. This is the first indication of one of the major advantages of CV and LSV they can be used to detect extremely low amounts of electroactive species. However, this is a double-edged sword not only are the techniques very sensitive to the presence of an analyte, but their sensitivity to any impurities in the electrolyte demands the use of extremely pure electrolytes. From equation (2.36) ... 

Despite the protective effect of NO against various viral infections, workers in several studies have shown a harmful role of NO in many systems. NO seems to play a part in the development of pneumonia caused by influenza virus [128], in the pathogenesis in mice of tick-borne encephalitis flavivirus infection [131], and in worsening the course of the murine myocarditis caused by coxsackievirus B3 [132]. In addition, pneumonia in mice induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 could be suppressed by the inhibitor of iNOS [133]. The issue of whether NO acts as an inhibitor of viral replication or as a harmful agent, therefore, remains unanswered. This issue is particularly evident in HIV-1 infection, since NO seems to act as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. 

It is said that a picture says a thousand words and this extends to diagrams as well. However, diagrams can be a double-edged sword for trainees unless they are accompanied by the relevant level of detail. Failure to label the axis, or to get the scale so wrong that the curve becomes contradictory is at best confusing. 

Potatoes have been valued around the world for centuries because they are an easily cultivated, easily prepared and readily assimilated source of carbohydrate energy. The ease with which potatoes are digested has, however, become a double-edged sword, as the interrelated epidemics of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes become global crises linked to rising obesity. At the same time as carbohydrates have been blamed for obesity, glucose intolerance has become recognized as a core feature of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (Seidell, 2000). 

Campbell DJ Vasopeptidase inhibition A double-edged sword Hypertension 2003 41 383. [PMID 12623931]... 

Lavoie, J- ., Lachance, C, and Chessex, P. (1994), Antiperoxide activity of sodium metabisulfite. A double-edged sword, Biochem. Pharmacol., 47, 871-876. 

Surh, Y.J. and Lee, S.S. Capsaicin, a double-edged sword toxicity, metabolism, and chemopreventive potential, Life Sci. 1995, 56, 1845-1855. 

But we learned to care. You see, rotor fouling is a double-edged sword. It cuts two ways. One aspect of rotor fouling is loss of adiabatic compressor efficiency, which wastes work and reduces flow. The other edge of the blade is vibration. 

Qin L, Raggatt LJ, Partridge NC. Parathyroid hormone a double-edged sword for bone metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2004 15 60-65. 

Drugs can therefore resemble a double-edged sword in that they can both help and harm the patient. By fully appreciating the nature of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic principles, and drug-drug interactions, practitioners can drastically reduce unwanted side effects and at the same time enhance the therapeutic efficacy and usefulness of drugs. 

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