Lymphoid cells

Probably due to the narrow interstitium of the lung, lymphocytes had been overlooked in this area for a long time. In the rabbit, Schwarz (1963) described oval to spindle-shaped lymphoid cells with plumpy projections. Holt et al. (1986) carefully isolated, quantified and characterised lymphocytes in the interstitium of the human lung. For the whole lung interstitium a total of about 10 lymphocytes were calculated, which is equivalent to the lymphocyte number in the circulating blood pool in humans. In the interstitium of the human lung natural killer cells (NK cells) have also been identified (Weissler et al. 1987). The lymphocytes in the interstitial pool of the rat revealed a subset composition different from that in the peripheral blood (Fliegert et al. 1995). 

Both bryostatin 1 and 12-0-tetradecanoylphor-bol-13-acetate inhibited lymphocyte antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity such that, at a 20 1 effector-to-target ratio, control lymphocytes had a mean 49 12% specific Cr release of antibody-coated target cells while bryostatin 1 and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate cultured lymphocytes had 12 6 and 8 12%, respectively, in four experiments (Tilden and Kraft 1991). 

When B-lymphocytes from healthy volunteers were transformed by Epstein-Barr virus and maintained in RPMI 1640 medium with 10% foetal bovine serum, herbimycin A, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, significantly decreased 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-stimulated superoxide production in a dose-dependent manner (Yang et al. 2000). The amount of p91, the catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase, was decreased in the cellular membrane of herbimycin A treated cells compared to untreated controls. Similar results were obtained for the movement of a regulatory subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex, p47. 

Several types of lymphocytes, not a single phenotype alone, produced interferon-y in the normal mouse lung (Davis et al. 2000). CD4 T cells were the most numerous producers of IFN-y, with lesser numbers of natural killer cells and of CD4 CD8 ySTCR cells. In the normal lung, only 2 to 5 % of the cells within each of these surface antigen phenotypes produced IFN-y. Both the absolute number and the percentage of IFN-y-producer cells within each of these three phenotypes increased substantially in fully developed silicosis induced by exposure to cristobahte (70 mg/m ) for 6 h/d for 12 d. The absolute increase was greatest for CD4 T-cells, but the relative 3- to 5-fold increase in producer cell number was similar for all free phenotypes. 

A 15 kDa selenoprotein was isolated from Se-labelled human T cells and was shown to contain a selenocysteine residue encoded by TGA (Gladyshev et al. 1998). 

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Lymphoid cells Lymphomas Lymphosarcoma Lyochrome Lyophilization... 

Mammalian Cells Unlike microbial cells, mammalian cells do not continue to reproduce forever. Cancerous cells have lost this natural timing that leads to death after a few dozen generations and continue to multiply indefinitely. Hybridoma cells from the fusion of two mammalian lymphoid cells, one cancerous and the other normal, are important for mammalian cell culture. They produce monoclonal antibodies for research, for affinity methods for biological separations, and for analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of some diseases. However, the frequency of fusion is low. If the unfused cells are not killed, the myelomas 1 overgrow the hybrid cells. The myelomas can be isolated when there is a defect in their production of enzymes involved in nucleotide synthesis. Mammahan cells can produce the necessary enzymes and thus so can the fused cells. When the cells are placed in a medium in which the enzymes are necessaiy for survival, the myelomas will not survive. The unfused normal cells will die because of their limited life span. Thus, after a period of time, the hybridomas will be the only cells left ahve. 

Cladribine (2-Chlordeoxyadenosine) is a synthetic purine nucleoside that is converted to an active cytotoxic metabolite by the deoxycytidine kinase. The drug is relatively selective for both normal and malignant lymphoid cells. 

When animal cells are removed from the body, the cells can be maintained (or cultured) for prolonged periods, provided the cells are in an appropriate alternative environment. Environmental factors of importance for animal cell culture include the culture medium, substratum (or surface of the culture vessel), and temperature. The substratum (or surface) is a significant factor for those animal cells which grow attached to the surface of the culture container. A number of types of animal cells (such as lymphoid cells) grow in suspension. 

Chinese hamster ovary Chinese hamster V79 Human lymphoid cells/LAZ-007 Human lymphocytes... 

Results of methyl parathion assays involving effects on chromosomes have also been contradictory. For sister chromatid exchange, Waters et al. (1982) reported a positive response in Chinese hamster ovary cells only in the presence of metabolic activation system, while methyl parathion tested positive without a metabolic activation system in Chinese hamster V79 cells (Chen et al. 1981), cultured normal human lymphoid cells (Chen et al. 1981 Gomez-Arroyo et al. 1987 Sobti et al. 1982), and Burkitt s l5miphoma cells (Chen et al. 1981). Chen et al. (1981) found a significant dose-related increase in sister chromatid exchange in both hamster and human cultured cells, but dose-related cell cycle delays were less pronounced in human cell lines than in V79 cells. Negative results were obtained for chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes without a metabolic activation system (Kumar et al. 1993). 

Sobti RC, Krishan A, Pfaffenberger CD. 1982. Cytokinetic and cytogenetic effects of some agricultural chemicals on humans lymphoid cells in vitro Organophosphates. Mutat Res 102 89-102. 

Sobti RC, Krishan A, Davies J. 1983. Cytokinetic and cytogenetic effect of agricultural chemicals on human lymphoid cells m vitro n. Organochlorine pesticides. Arch Toxicol 52 221-231. 

Receptors for Fc fragments of IgGs 1 Bind Fc fragments of IgG molecules Target antigen-antibody complexes to myeloid and lymphoid cells, eliciting phagocytosis and other responses... 

Eisenstein TK, Hilburger ME (1998) Opioid modulation of immune responses effects on phagocyte and lymphoid cell populations. J Neuroimmunol 83 36-44 El-Hage N, Gurwell JA, Singh IN, Knapp PE, Nath A, Hauser KF (2005) Synergistic increases in intracellular Ca +, and the release of MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-6 by astrocytes treated with opiates and HIV-1 Tat. Gha 50 91-106... 

Evasion of tolerance to self antigens. Hidden or sequestered antigens do exist, for instance spermatozoa and eye-lens tissue. These are confined to anatomical sites which do not have access to lymphoid tissue, and exposure of the above to lymphoid cells as a result of surgery or accident results in the production of the corresponding antibodies. 

Dethmers, J.K. and Meister, A. (1981). Glutathione export by human lymphoid cells depletion of glutathione by inhibition of its synthesis decreases export and increases sensitivity to irradiation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 78, 7492-7496. 

Novogrodosky, A., Nehring, RE., Jr and Meister, A. (1979). Inhibition of amine acid transport into lymphoid cells by the glutamine analog L-2-amino-4-oxo-5-chloropentanoate. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 76, 4932-4935. 

L-Asparaginase is an enzyme that may be produced by Escherichia coli. Asparaginase hydrolyzes the reaction of asparagines to aspartic acid and ammonia to deplete lymphoid cells of asparagine, which inhibits protein synthesis. The... 

FIGURE 90-2. Pathway of normal B-cell differentiation and relationship to B-cell lymphocytes. (Reproduced from Armitage JO, Longo DL. Malignancies in lymphoid cells. In Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al, (eds.) Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th ed. New York McGraw-Hill 2005 544.)... 

Figure 4 Epithelium overlying a human Peyer s patch and associated immunological and lymphoid cell regions. (From Ref. 77.)...

A variety of type 2 cytokines and the non-lymphoid cell-derived growth factor, stem cell factor (SCF) (Hiiltner et al., 1989 Copeland et al., 1990 Huang et al., 1990 Thompson-Snipes et al., 1991 reviewed in Befus, 1995), are known to be important in the development of intestinal mast cell responses associated with nematode infection but the contribution of this population to host protection depends on the nematode species in question. 

Ito, Y. (1991) The absence of resistance in congenitally athymic nude mice toward infection with the intestinal nematode, Trichuris muiis. resistance restored by lymphoid cell transfer. InternationalJournal of Parasitology 21, 65-69. 

MRP4 is an ubiquitously expressed transporter with highest expression in the prostate where it can be localized to the basolateral membrane of tubuloacinar cells [149]. Schuetz and colleagues [150] demonstrated that high copy number and overexpression of MRP4 in a human T-lymphoid cell line was associated with cytotoxic resistance and increased cell efflux of an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate drug PMEA. Furthermore, these cells were more resistant to nucleoside analog... 

Volume 108. Immunochemical Techniques (Part G Separation and Characterization of Lymphoid Cells)... 

Part H Effectors and Mediators of Lymphoid Cell Functions)... 

Volume 150. Immunochemical Techniques (Part K In Vitro Models of B and T Cell Functions and Lymphoid Cell Receptors)... 

Lambert, J.M., Senter, P.D., Yau-Young, A., Blattler, W.A., and Goldmacher, V.S. (1985) Purified immuno-toxins that are reactive with human lymphoid cells Monoclonal antibodies conjugated to the ribosomeinactivating proteins gelonin and the pokeweed antiviral proteins./. Biol. Chem. 260, 12035-12041. 

Dallman, M. 2000. Haemopoietic and Lymphoid Cell Culture. Cambridge University Press. 

Human sperm chromosomes retain a high fertilizing ability after a high dose of X-irradiation, although mammalian spermatozoa have little capacity to repair DNA damage induced by radiation (Kamiguchi et al. 1990). Radiation-induced death of lymphoid cells in rats is associated with damage to the cell itself but may also be due to secretions from irradiation-activated natural killer cells that induce pycnosis and interphase death in lymphoid cells (Eidus et al. 1990). 

Eidus, L.K., Y.N. Korystov, O.R. Dobrovinskaja, and V.V. Shaposhnikova. 1990. The mechanism of radiation-induced interphase death of lymphoid cells a new hypothesis. Radiation Res. 123 17-21. 

Yun TJ, Chaudhary PM, Shu GL, Frazer JK, Ewings MK, Schwartz SM, Pascual V, Hood LE, Clark EA (1998) OPG/FDCR-1, a TNF receptor family member, is expressed in lymphoid cells and is up-regulated by ligating CD40. J Immunol 161 6113-6121... 

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