Lymphotropic viruses

Cornblath DR, Hoke A (2006) Recent advances in HIV neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol 19(5) 446-450 Cornblath DR, McArthur JC (1988) Predominantly sensory neuropathy in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. Neurology 38(5) 794-796 Cornblath DR, McArthur JC et al (1987) Inflammatory demyeUnating peripheral neuropathies associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III infection. Ann Neurol 21(l) 32-40 Corral I, Quereda C et al (1997) Acute poly radiculopathies in HIV-infected patients. J Neurol 244(8) 499-504... 

Muesing MA, Smith DH, Capon DJ (1987) Regulation of mRNA accumulation by a human immunodeficiency virus trans-activator protein. CeU 48(4) 691-701 Nicholson JK, Cross GD, CaUaway CS, McDougal JS (1986) In vitro infection of human monocytes with human T lymphotropic virus type Ill/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/ LAV). J Immunol 137(l) 323-329... 

The list of vimses involved in other human cancers includes hepatitis B, which is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma human papilloma viruses with cervical, penile and some anal carcinomas human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 associated with adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome and HIV with Kaposi s sarcoma. 

Harper, M. E., Marselle, L. M., Gallo, R. C., andWong-Stahl, F. (1986) Detection of lymphocytes expressing human T-lymphotropic virus type III in lymph nodes and peripheral blood from infected individuals by in situ hybridization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 772-776. 

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a serious public health problem around the world, and commands much concern in medical and lay circles alike. Its causative agent is a human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HIV) that destroys helper/inducer T cells (discussed in chapter 6) of the immune system and causes mortality by allowing opportunistic infections and malignancies. A compound designed along traditional lines, 3 -azido-3 -deoxythymidine (9.16, AZT), emerged as one of the first useful therapeutics. However, since that time many other drugs have been devised. 

Human Immunodeficiency Viruses and Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses 1996 424 pages... 

Martin, L.S., J.S. McDougal, and S.L. Loskoski. 1985. Disinfection and inactivation of the human T lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. J Infect Dis 152 400. 

In 1983, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was isolated from a patient with lymphadeno-pathy, and by 1984 it was demonstrated clearly to be the causative agent of AIDS. The virus, which belongs to the lentivirus subfamily of the large family of retroviruses (Retroviridae), was formerly called lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV), human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) type III, and AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV). 

Comparison of the activity of sulfated homopolysaccharides such as dextran and cellulose esters with that of neutral homopolysaccharides and sulfated heteropolysaccharides such as heparin and heparan sulfuric acid half esters shows potent virucidal activity against human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) for the sulfated homopolysaccharides. In contrast, neutral homopolysaccharides have no effect and sulfated heteropolysaccharides exhibit only a little effect on HTLV-III activities. This suggests that the sulfate moiety and the type of polysaccharide are most important in inhibiting growth of HTLV-III [126]. 

Bovine leukemia virus, human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)... 

Bieganowska K, Hollsberg P, Buckle GJ, Lim DG, Greten TF, Schneck J, Altman JD, Jacobson S, Ledis SL, Hanchard B, Chin J, Morgan O, Roth PA, Hafler DA (1999) Direct analysis of viral-sjjecific CD8+ T cells with soluble HLA-A2Araxll—19 tetramer complexes in padents with human T cell lymphotropic virus-associated myelopathy. J Immunol 162 1765—1771. 

Calatdni S, Chevalier SA, Duprez R, Bassot S, Froment A, Mahieux R, Gessain A (2005) Discovery of a new human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-3) in Cend al Africa. Retrovirology 2 30. 

Elovaara I, Kcerrig S, Brewah AY, Woods RM, Lehky T, Jacobson S (1993) High human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-l)-specific precursor cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequencies in padents with HTLV-1-associated neurological disease. J Exp Med 177 1567-1573. 

Hanoi E, Sdnchcombe JC, Saito M, AsquidiBE, Taylor GP, Tanaka Y, Weber JN, Giiffidis GM, Bangham CR (2000a) Eratricide among CD8(+) T lymphocytes naturally infected widi human T cell lymphotropic virus type I. Immunity 13 657—664. 

Jeffery KJ, Usuku K, Hall SE, Matsumoto W, Taylor GP, Procter J, Bunce M, Ogg GS, Welsh KI, Weber JN, Lloyd AL, Nowak MA, Nagai M, Kodama D, Izumo S, Osame M, Bangham CR (1999) HLA alleles determine human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) proviral load and die risk of HTLV-I-associated myelopadiy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 3848-3853. 

Jeffery KJ, Siddiqui A A, Bunce M, Lloyd AL, Vine AM, Witkover AD, Izumo S, Usuku K, Welsh KI, Osame M, Bangham CR (2000) The influence of HLA class I alleles and heterozygosity on die outcome of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infecdon. J Immunol 165 7278-7284. 

Johnson JM, Hairod R, Franchini G (2001) Molecular biology and padiogenesis of die human T-cell leukaemia/lymphotropic virus Type-1 (HTLV-1). hit J Exp Padiol 82 135—147. 

Moritoyo T, Reinhart TA, Moritoyo H, Sato E, Izumo S, Osame M, Haase AT (1996) Human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy and tax gene expression in CD4-t- T lymphocytes. Ann Neurol 40 84-90. 

Nakamura T, Fumya T, Nishiura Y, Ichinose K, Shirabe S, Eguchi K (2000) Importance of immune deviation toward Thl in the early immunopathogenesis of human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy. Med Hypotheses 54 777—782. 

Sakai JA, Nagai M, Brennan MB, Mora CA, Jacobson S (2001) hi vitro spontaneous lymphoproliferadon in padents widi human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated neurologic disease Predominant expansion of CD8-I- T cells. Blood 98 1506-1511. 

Wolfe ND, Heneine W, CaiT JK, Garcia AD, Shanmugam V, Tam-oufe U, Torimiro JN, Prosser AT, Lebreton M, Mpoudi-Ngole E, McCutchan FE, Bii x DL, Folks TM, Burke DS, Switzer WM (2005) Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among centi al African bushmeat hunters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 7994-7999. 

Akizuki S, Yoshida S, Setoguchi M (1989) The neuropathyology of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I associated myelopathy. In HTLV-I and the Nervous System (Roman GC, Vemant JC, Osame M, eds), pp 253-260. New York R. Alan Liss. 

Furukawa K, Mori M, Ohta N, Ikeda H, Shida H, Furukawa K, Shiku H (1994) Clonal expansion of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes against human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) genome products in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis patients. J Clin Invest 94 1830-1839. 

Gessain A, Batin F, Vemant JC, Gout O, Maurs L, Calender A, de The G (1985) Antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type-I in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. Lancet 2 407-410. 

---