Inductively coupled plasma atomic applications

Owing to their superior fluorescent yield, heavy elements ordinarily yield considerably more intense XRF bands than the light elements. This feature can be exploited to determine the concentration of inorganic species in a sample, or the concentration of a compound that contains a heavy element in some matrix. Many potential XRF applications have never been developed owing to the rise of atomic spectroscopic methods, particularly inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [74]. Nevertheless, under the right set of circumstances, XRF analysis can be profitably employed. 

NMR) [24], and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy [25] are commonly applied methods. Analysis using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques has been achieved with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with chemical ionisation (Cl) often more informative than conventional electron impact (El) ionisation [26]. For the qualitative and quantitative characterisation of silicone polyether copolymers in particular, SEC, NMR, and FT-IR have also been demonstrated as useful and informative methods [22] and the application of high-temperature GC and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is also described [5]. 

Flame AAS (often abbreviated FAAS) was until recently the most widely used method for trace metal analysis. However, it has now largely been superseded by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (see Chapter 4). It is particularly applicable where the sample is in solution or readily solubilized. It is very simple to use and, as we shall see, remarkably free from interferences. Its growth in popularity has been so rapid that on two occasions, the mid-1960s and the early 1970s, the growth in sales of atomic absorption instruments has exceeded that necessary to ensure that the whole face of the globe would be covered by atomic absorption instruments before the end of the century. 

M. Zougagh, P. C. Rudner, A. Garcia-de-Torres and J. M. Cano-Pavon, Application of Doehlert matrix and factorial designs in the optimisation of experimental variables associated with the on-line preconcentration and determination of zinc by flow injection inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 15(12), 2000, 1589-1594. 

S. Euan, H. Pang and R. S. Houk, Application of generalized standard additions method to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy with an echelle spectrometer and segmented-array charge-coupled detectors, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 50(8), 1995, 791-801. 

Until now, little attention has been given to the analysis of ancient copper alloys with LA-ICP-MS. This type of material is usually analyzed with fast or instrumental neutron activation analysis (FNAA or INAA), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma-atomic absorption spectrometry (ICP-AES or ICP-AAS). Some of these techniques are destructive and involve extensive sample preparation, some measure only surface compositions, and some require access to a cyclotron or a reactor. LA-ICP-MS is riot affected by any of these inconveniences. We propose here an analytical protocol for copper alloys using LA-ICP-MS and present its application to the study of Matisse bronze sculptures. 

The application of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry to the determination of cadmium (and molybdenum) in soils has been discussed by Baucells et al. [53]. Baucells et al. chose the 228.802 nm cadmium line because it is well resolved from the 228.763 nm iron line with the spectrometer used in this work. Background measurements could only be carried out at +0.05 nm. These workers obtained good agreement between cadmium values obtained by direct graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Chelation extraction procedures that require extensive sample handling are avoided. 

AMS = accelerated mass spectroscopy EDTA = ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid GFAAS = graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry ICP-AES = inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy NAA = neutron activation analysis ETAAS = electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry SEC/ICP-MS = size-exclusion chromatography/ICP-AES/mass spectrometry HLPC/ICP-AES = high-performance liquid chromatography/ICP-AES LAMMA = laser ablation microprobe mass analysis NA = not applicable ppq = parts per quadrillion... 

LaFreniere, K.E., Fassel, VA. and Eckels, D.E. (1987) Elemental speciation via high performance liquid chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric detection-application of a direct injection nebuliser. Anal. Chem., 59, 879-887. 

Inorganic extractables/leachables would include metals and other trace elements such as silica, sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, and zinc associated with glass packaging systems. Analytical techniques for the trace analysis of these elements are well established and include inductively coupled plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), ICP-MS, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), electron microprobe, and X-ray fluorescence. Applications of these techniques have been reviewed by Jenke. " An example of an extractables study for certain glass containers is presented by Borchert et al. ". ... 

Other authors in this volume have addressed the importance of trace and ultratrace quantities of various substances as they relate to nutritional, environmental, and occupational aspects of human health. This chapter will focus more on the development and application of a specific analytical procedure, based on inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), for the rapid, simultaneous determination of a number of trace elements in human urine. 

Spreadsheet Summary In Chapter 4 of Applications of Microsoft Excel in Analytical Chemistiy, a multiple standard additions procedure is illustrated. The determination of strontium in sea water with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry is used as an example. The worksheet is prepared, and the standard additions plot is made. The unknown Sr concentration and its standard deviation are obtained. 

Karanassios V., Abdullah M. and Horlick G. (1990) The application of chemical modification in direct sample insertion-inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 45 119—... 

Despite the absence of any known biological roles for strontium, analysis of trace amounts of the alkali earth metal in many environmental and industrial samples and, especially, in radioactive waste is of critical importance. Techniques applicable for analyzing strontium in environmental or biological material are atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), direct-current plasma echelle spectrometry, neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence. For most applications, the first two mentioned methods are of interest because, in general, they allow... 

Other varied AAS applications reports including critical and comparative studies are by Ybanez et al. (1992) (Arsenic in seafood products by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry and a critical comparative study with platform furnace Zeeman-effect atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry) Campos et al. 

Treatment of ICPAES from different perspectives and to varying degrees of comprehensiveness appears in a number of chapters in volumes not solely dedicated to ICP-AES, but treating spectrometry and analysis in general. An early excellent chapter on ICP-AES is by Tschopel (1979) on plasma excitation in spectrochemical analysis, in Wilson and Wilson s Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry. A very brief historical introduction to ICP-AES, basic principles and considerations of absorption and emission lines, and applications to food analysis is in a book on modern food analysis (Ihnat (1984), and Van Loon (1985), in his practical analyst-oriented book on selected methods of trace analysis biological and environmental samples includes a chapter (pp. 19-52) on techniques and instrumentation including ICPAES. Moore (1989) (Introduction to Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry) provides... 

Tab. 2.9 Examples of applications of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric analytical techniques to elemental determinations in a variety of materials ... 

Turning initially to multidetection, and here first to simultaneous usage, an obvious application is to combine the gradient FIA techniques with the use of detectors that provide several signals at several values of the instrumental variables, which indeed gives FIA a doubly dynamic character. In these techniques, which have already been mentioned in Section 2.4, advantage can be taken by multidetectors, such as the fast-scan vol-tammetric detectors [288] or by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy [808] or by diode array detectors [1017, 1075, 1382]. Combined with the advantages offered by chemometrics, these multidetection procedures may in fact be extended to multideterminations. 

S. D. Hartenstein, G. D. Christian, and J. Riiiidka, Applications of an On-Line Preconcentrating Flow Injection Analysis System for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Can. J. Spectrosc., 30 (1986) 144. 

Botto, R. 1., Applications of Ultrasonic Nebulization in the Analysis of Petroleum and Petrochemicals by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 8, 1993, pp. 51-57. 

Pohl P., Prusisz B. On the applicability of Duolite GT-73 to column preconcentration of gold and palladium prior to determination by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Microchimica Acta 2005 150 159-165. 

Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) to Metal Quantitation and Speciation in Synfuels... 

An EPA-approved procedure for the analysis of plutonium in water is listed in Table 6-2. In addition, the following ASTM standard methods relate to the measurement of plutonium in water D 3648, D 3084, D 3972, and D 1943 (ASTM 1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1987). Recent work has focused on more rapid analytical methods in order to determine monitor plutonium levels in waste process streams at nuclear facilities. For example, Edelson et al. (1986) have investigated the applications of inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-EAS) to routinely analyze water samples. 

Abstract. The applications of rare earth elements (REE) in various technological fields are reviewed, with emphasis on the importance of the knowledge of the chemical composition of the materials used. Nuclear neutron activation (NNA), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and x ray fiuorescence spectrometry (XRF) are the most frequently used analytical techniques for determining REE. Complex matrices require the prior separation of the analytes by column chromatography. 

Flame atomic absorption was until recently the most widely used techniques for trace metal analysis, reflecting its ease of use and relative freedom from interferences. Although now superceded in many laboratories by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry still is a very valid option for many applications. The sample, usually in solution, is sprayed into the flame following the generation of an aerosol by means of a nebulizer. The theory of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and details of the basic instrumentation required are described in a previous article. This article briefly reviews the nature of the flames employed in AAS, the specific requirements of the instrumentation for use with flame AAS, and the atomization processes that take place within the flame. An overview is given of possible interferences and various modifications that may provide some practical advantage over conventional flame cells. Finally, a number of application notes for common matrices are given. 

Analyses for metals in meat and meat products are carried out by atomic spectrometry, generally after dry-ashing and solubilization of the ash in acid. Sodium and potassium, being present at relatively high levels in meats, are determined by atomic emission spectrometry, while other metals, such as cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc, are determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. An alternative method applicable to most metals is inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. 

See also Activation Analysis Neutron Activation. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Atomic Mass Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Chemometrics and Statistics Expert Systems. Glasses. Microscopy Applications Forensic. Optical Spectroscopy Refractometry and Reflectometry. X-Ray Fluorescence and Emission Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence. 

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