Metal traces, analysis

Batley, G. E. Gardner, D. Sampling and Storage of Natural Waters for Trace Metal Analysis , Wat Res. 1977,11, 745-756. 

Van Loon, J. G. Selected Methods of Trace Metal Analysis Biological and Environmental Samples. Wiley-lnterscience New York, 1985. 

In order to one of the most effective separation and preconcentration procedure in trace metal analysis is solid phase extraction (SPE) of analyte. 

I.S. Krull (Ed.), Trace Metal Analysis and Speciation, Elsevier Science, New York, 1991. ISBN 044488209X. 

Wetai Ion Analysis. We have reported a sensitive trace-metal analysis based upon HPLC separation of p-aminophenyl EDTA chelates and fluorescence detection by postcolumn reaction with fluorescamine (23). An application of the pyridone chemistry already discussed leads to a fluorescent-labeled EDTA (VIII). 

The "method of standard additions" has been employed as a technique for standardization of atomic absorption analyses of metals In biological fluids (13,21) In this procedure, several concentrations of standard analyte are added to samples of the biological fluid to be analyzed The calibration curve which Is obtained after additions of the standard analyte to the biological fluid should parallel that obtained when aqueous standards are analyzed Extrapolation of the standard additions curve back to a negative Intercept on the abscissa furnishes an estimate of the concentration of the analyte In the original sample (21) This technique Is helpful In assessing the validity of methods of trace metal analysis (11,13,58) However, In the author s opinion, the "method of standard additions" Is neither practical nor reliable as a routine method for standardization... 

Braithwaite RA, Brown SS. 1987. The need for accuracy in trace metal analysis A case study of childhood exposure to lead. Journal of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health 9 35-49. 

Nearly every area of measurement science can boast of progress in measuring ever-smaller quantities of chemicals, but several stand out in their stunning trace-analysis capabilities. Trace-metal analysis has come to be dominated by methods that volatilize the sample and then either measure its spectroscopic emission or absorption, or measure the masses of the gaseous metal ions using mass spectrometry. Volatilization is accomplished by various thermal means that include flames, furnaces, and inductively coupled or microwave plasmas. The com-... 

C.H. Lochmiiller, J. Galbraith and R. Walter, Trace metal analysis in water by proton-induced x-ray emission analysis of ion-exchange membranes, Anal. Chem., 46 (1974) 440. 

With the introduction of modern electronics, inexpensive computers, and new materials there is a resurgence of voltammetric techniques in various branches of science as evident in hundreds of new publications. Now, voltammetry can be performed with a nano-electrode for the detection of single molecular events [1], similar electrodes can be used to monitor the activity of neurotransmitter in a single living cell in subnanoliter volume electrochemical cell [2], measurement of fast electron transfer kinetics, trace metal analysis, etc. Voltammetric sensors are now commonplace in gas sensors (home CO sensor), biomedical sensors (blood glucose meter), and detectors for liquid chromatography. Voltammetric sensors appear to be an ideal candidate for miniaturization and mass production. This is evident in the development of lab-on-chip... 

Owing to the toxicity of mercury and its disposal problem, solid electrodes are now very popular. In particular, electrodes made of carbon such as glassy carbon, graphite, carbon paste, and carbon fibers have gained popularity. Mercury, gold, bismuth, and other metals can be deposited as thin metal films on carbon and serves as thin metal film electrodes (TMFE) with excellent analytical advantages in trace metal analysis. The choice of working electrode is determined by the redox... 

Stripping voltammetry or stripping analysis has a special place in electrochemistry because of its extensive application in trace metal analysis. Stripping voltammetry (SV) is a two-step process as shown schematically in Fig. 18b. 12. In the first step, the metal ion is reduced to metal on a mercury electrode (thin mercury film on glassy carbon or a HMDE) as amalgam. 

The technique is useful for the quantitation of many metals including lead, copper, mercury, cadmium and zinc with detection limits as low as lOpg. Its sensitivity makes it a very suitable method for trace metal analysis in biological samples. 

The committee recommends the development of two reference materials for seawater trace metal analysis ... 

Kenneth Johnson is a Senior Scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. His research interests are focused on the development of new analytical methods for chemicals in seawater and application of these tools to studies of chemical cycling throughout the ocean. His group has developed a variety of analytical methods for analyzing metals present at ultratrace concentrations in seawater. His expertise lies in trace metal analysis and instrumentation. The creation of reference materials to calibrate these instruments is important for the production of long-term, high-precision datasets. Dr. Johnson has participated on the NRC Committee on Marine Environmental Monitoring and the Marine Chemistry Study Panel. 

Environmental Pathways of Selected Chemicals in Freshwater Systems Part 1 Background and Experimental Procedures 821R98008 Evaluating Field Techniques for Collecting Effluent Samples for Trace Metals Analysis... 

Schnlten, H. R. Bohl, B. Bahr, U. MneUer, R. Palavinskas, R. Quahtative and Quantitative Trace-Metal Analysis in Physiological Fluids of Multiple Sclerosis Patients hy Field Desorption Mass Spectrometer. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 1981, 38, 281-295. 

Automation of sample preparation of foodstuffs for trace metal analysis 123... 

AUTOMATION OF SAMPLE PREPARATION OF FOODSTUFFS FOR TRACE METAL ANALYSIS... 

Fig. 4.12 Schematic diagram of the system for automatic sample preparation of foods for trace metal analysis.

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