Spectrometry atomic

In terms of this group of atomic spectrometric techniques, optical emission spectrometry (OES) is the oldest and most established. Atomic absorption spectrometry (A AS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AES) are two other important types of atomic spectrometry techniques. In this section, AAS and AES will be discnssed only briefly elemental analysis based on ICP spectrometry will be discnssed in more detail, specifically ICP-OES 

The operating sequence of any instrument used for elemental analysis can be summarised as follows  

Further information on the various techniques of atomic spectrometry is available elsewhere.  

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Tyson, J. P. Atomic Spectrometry and Plow Injection Analysis A Synergic Gombination, Anal Chim. Acta 1988, 214, 57-75. 

A. Montaser and D. W. GoHghdy, eds.. Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2nd ed., VCH PubHshers, New York, 1992. 

Prange A, Jantzen E (1995) Determination of organometallic species using GC-ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 10 105-109. 

Bysouth, S. R., and Tyson, J. R, A Comparison of Curve Fitting Algorithms for Hame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 1, February 1986, 85-87. 

Williams, M. and Plepmeler, . H. "Commercial Tungsten Filament Atomizer for Analytical Atomic Spectrometry". 

Cave MR, Butler O, Cook JM, Cresser MS, Garden LM, Holden AJ, Miles DL (1999) Atomic Spectrometry Update Environmental Analysis. J Anal Atom Spectrom 14 279-353. 

Fairman B, Hinds MW, Nelms SM, Penny DM, Goodall P (1999) Atomic Spectrometry Update Industrial analysis metals, chemicals and advanced materials. J Anal Atom Spectrom 14 2001-2030. 

Taylor A, Branch S, Halls DJ, Owen L, White M 1999) Atomic Spectrometry Update Chnical and biological specimens, foods and beverages. J Anal Atom Spectrom 14 717-781. 

Four types of atomic spectrometry have been interfaced for chromatographic detection, namely AAS, FES, AFS and APES. Ebdon et al. [178] have discussed coupling of HPLC with AAS. HPLC-FAAS is relatively insensitive. Application of HPLC-GFAAS or... 

Gas and liquid chromatography directly coupled with atomic spectrometry have been reviewed [178,179], as well as the determination of trace elements by chromatographic methods employing atomic plasma emission spectrometric detection [180]. Sutton et al. [181] have reviewed the use and applications of ICP-MS as a chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic detector, whereas Niessen [182] has briefly reviewed the applications of mass spectrometry to hyphenated techniques. 

Element analytical pretreatment 8.3 Analytical atomic spectrometry 605... 

As shown in Table 8.17, there is considerable overlap of capabilities between element analytical methods. A general understanding of the basic principles of the various techniques is necessary for an informed choice of the best technique. The atomic spectrometry techniques used most are ETA-AAS, ICP-AES and ICP-MS. 

Atomic spectroscopy has been reviewed [92] a recent update is available [93]. An overview of sample introduction in atomic spectrometry is available [94]. Several recent books deal with analytical atomic spectrometry [95-100],... 

Applications The general application areas of various forms of atomic spectrometry are given in Table 8.18. 

Different analytical procedures have been developed for direct atomic spectrometry of solids applicable to inorganic and organic materials in the form of powders, granulate, fibres, foils or sheets. For sample introduction without prior dissolution, a sample can also be suspended in a suitable solvent. Slurry techniques have not been used in relation to polymer/additive analysis. The required amount of sample taken for analysis typically ranges from 0.1 to 10 mg for analyte concentrations in the ppm and ppb range. In direct solid sampling method development, the mass of sample to be used is determined by the sensitivity of the available analytical lines. Physical methods are direct and relative instrumental methods, subjected to matrix-dependent physical and nonspectral interferences. Standard reference samples may be used to compensate for systematic errors. The minimum difficulties cause INAA, SNMS, XRF (for thin samples), TXRF and PIXE. 

Flow-injection (FI) on-line analyte preconcentration and matrix removal techniques greatly enhance the performance of atomic spectrometry [348], By using USN with membrane desolvation (MDS) as the interface, FI sorbent extraction can be directly coupled with ICP-MS for the analysis of organic solutions [349]. 

After Resano et al. [413]. From M. Resano et al., Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 15, 389-395 (2000). Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry. 

In terms of atomic spectrometry, NAA is a method combining excitation by nuclear reaction with delayed de-excitation of the radioactive atoms produced by emission of ionising radiation (fi, y, X-ray). Measurement of delayed particles or radiations from the decay of a radioactive product of a neutron-induced nuclear reaction is known as simple or delayed-gamma NAA, and may be purely instrumental (INAA). The y-ray energies are characteristic of specific indicator radionuclides, and their intensities are proportional to the amounts of the various target nuclides in the sample. NAA can thus... 

J. A.C. Broekaert, Analytical Atomic Spectrometry with Flames... 

L. Ebdon, E.H. Evans, A. Fisher and S. Hill (eds), An Introduction to Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester (1998). 

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