Generalized standard addition method

The generalized standard addition method (GSAM) extends the analysis of mixtures to situations in which matrix effects prevent the determination of 8x and 8y using external standards.When adding a known concentration of analyte to a solution containing an unknown concentration of analyte, the concentrations usually are not additive (see question 9 in Chapter 5). Conservation of mass, however, is always obeyed. Equation 10.11 can be written in terms of moles, n, by using the relationship... 

Raymond, M. Jochum, C. Kowalski, B. R. Optimal Multicomponent Analysis Using the Generalized Standard Addition Method, /. Chem. Educ. 1983, 60, 1072-1073. 

This experiment demonstrates the application of the generalized standard additions method for the analysis of mixtures of K2Cr207 and KMn04. 

More efficient estimation methods exist than the simple method described here [17]. The generalized standard addition method (GSAM) shares the strong points (e.g correction for interferences) and weak points (e.g. error amplification because of the extrapolation involved) of the simple standard addition method [18]. 

R. Sundberg, Interplay between chemistry and statistics, with special reference to calibration and the generalized standard addition method. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 4 (1988) 299-305. 

Saxberg BEH, Kowalski BR. General standard addition method. Anal. Chem. 1979 51 1031-1038. 

S. Euan, H. Pang and R. S. Houk, Application of generalized standard additions method to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy with an echelle spectrometer and segmented-array charge-coupled detectors, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 50(8), 1995, 791-801. 

Kalivas, J.H., Evaluation of volume and matrix effects for the generalized standard addition method, Talanta, 34, 899-903, 1987. 

E.A.G. Zagatto, A.O. Jacintho, F.J. Krug, B.F. Reis, R.E. Bruns, M.C.U. Araujo, Flow-injection systems with inductively-coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Part 2. The generalized standard addition method, Anal. Chim. Acta 145 (1983) 169. 

I. Lugo, H. Carrero, L.E. Leon, The generalized standard addition method in a closed-loop flow system, Anal. Lett. 34 (2001) 2735. 

The multiple standard addition method, also known as the generalized standard addition method, involves scanning the unknown sample and then supplying it with known volumes of a mixture of standards in order to obtain a new scan without altering the experimental setup. 

The generalized standard addition method of calibration reported by Saxberg and Kowalski is a combination of the standard addition method and multiple linear regression analysis. It develops calibration relations capable of determining analyte concentrations in the presence of interferents. This method is now built into commercial chemical instrumentation for on-line usage, and it is therefore practical to use in a routine way. 

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