Technological fields

The definiteness requirement serves notice to potential infringers as to the exact boundaries of the patentee owner s rights. Thus, a patent provides a record of what the inventor has brought to the technological field, and also provides other parties with notice as to what conduct is permissible in view of the patent claims. 

The natural laws in any scientific or technological field are not regarded as precise and definitive until they have been expressed in mathematical form. Such a form, often an equation, is a relation between the quantity of interest, say, product yield, and independent variables such as time and temperature upon which yield depends. When it happens that this equation involves, besides the function itself, one or more of its derivatives it is called a differential equation. 

Carbon nanotubes have been studied extensively in relation to fullerenes, and together with fullerenes have opened a new science and technology field on nano scale materials. This book aims to cover recent research and development in this area, and so provide a eonvenient reference tool for all researchers in this field. It is also hoped that this book can serve to stimulate future work on carbon nanotubes. 

G<3odfeilow has presented numerous courses internationally in the dean air technology field, both for industrial clients and at conferences and icininars. and he has presented and/or published over iOO technical papers. 

The book is intended for engineers, scientists, seniors at the university level, and graduate students who have a fundamental understanding of the concept of fluid flow, thermodynamics, and heat transfer. The handbook bridges the disciplines of engineering and occupational health and safety (industrial hygiene). The book can be used as a textbook, a scientific reference for researchers, and a fundamental handbook for practitioners in the industrial air technology field. 

D-TEM was introduced into rubber technology field in 2004 by the authors of this chapter [4]. In a recent review of 3D-TEM applied in materials science field [5], only two papers were cited on polymeric samples—one on block copolymers [6] and the other on rubbery composites with conventional and in situ silica [4]. Starting from the latter, 3D-TEM measurements have been carried out on rubbery nano-composites [7-16], and this recent and very important topic is described in this review. 

In the summary of the aforementioned report, the authors recommend, as did earlier reviewers of this subject, the development and evaluation of a tiered testing strategy for neurotoxicity. The further development of in vitro models for establishing mechanisms of neurotoxicity should be part of this strategy. Full consideration should also be given to advances in the omics and other technological fields. 

One of the first bioagent detection technologies fielded in the early 90 s was the immunochromatographic assay (also known as Hand Held Assays, Figure 2). The immunochromatographic assays include a nitrocellulose strip to which a liquid sample is added at one end. As the liquid flows down the... 

In general, to be selected for further R D efforts, a technological field has to meet the following selection criteria (Jochem et al., 2006) ... 

These selection and evaluation criteria were applied systematically to four technological fields, three of which contribute to new energy-efficient solutions. Passive houses, for example, with their major components of insulation solutions, window systems, ventilation and control techniques are close to market diffusion within the next ten years. Fuel cells for mobile uses in vehicles, however, are still a long way from market introduction, for instance, because of unresolved problems regarding the deactivation of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and the need for cost reductions by about one order of magnitude. Other types of fuel cells for stationary uses may be closer to market introduction, owing to less severe technical bottlenecks and better economic competitiveness. 

These experimental results give only a first insight into the fascinating properties of these very new l.c. elastomers. Further detailed studies have to come to a more profound understanding of the interactions of polymer networks and l.c. order of the mesogenic side chains. The exceptional photoelastic and thermoelastic properties promise to open up a new scientific and technological field of interest. 

The American Nuclear Society (ANS) is a nonprofit organization unifying professional activities within the nuclear science and technology fields. ANS seeks to promote the awareness and understanding of the application of nuclear science and technology. 

Now, let s turn our attention to the second component of the utility requirement, which requires that the claimed subject matter must be useful. As one court opined a simple everyday word [such as useful] can be pregnant with ambiguity when applied to the facts of life. 7 The contours of the utility requirement can be defined by two principles. First, the claimed invention must have specific and substantial utility and must provide sufficient information to make its use readily apparent to those familiar with the technological field of the invention. 8 Second, the alleged utility must be credible. 

The continuing research and development, truly of global nature, provides new interesting products that will help advance other technological fields, health care, and consumer products, to name a few, and will greatly contribute to the improvement of the quality of life. 

Several organofullerene donor-acceptor molecular material hybrid systems have been synthesized via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of azomethine ylides, via Bingel cyclopropanation and methanofullerene formation intermediates as well as via cycloaddition reactions, that have already been discussed in previous sections. The majority of such hybrid systems possess always as acceptor unit the fullerene core and as donor moieties porphyrins, tetrathiafulvalenes, ferrocenes, quinones, or electron-rich aromatic compounds that absorb visible light [190-193]. The most active research topic in this particularly technological field relies (i) on the arrangement of several redox-active building blocks in... 

In combinatorial chemistry, due to the high number of chemical manipulations required to synthesize libraries of compounds, automation is unavoidable. Many research groups, in both academic and industrial settings, are developing automated instruments tailored specifically to these needs, and this technology field is acquiring an extremely important role for the development of combinatorial technologies for this millennium. 

---