Inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission

Because light emitted from inductively coupled plasma torches is characteristic of the elements present, the torches were originally introduced for instruments that optically measured the frequencies and intensities of the emitted light and used them, rather than ions, to estimate the amounts and types of elements present (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. 

To examine a sample by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) the sample must be transported into the flame of a plasma torch. Once in the flame, sample molecules are literally ripped apart to form ions of their constituent elements. These fragmentation and ionization processes are described in Chapters 6 and 14. To introduce samples into the center of the (plasma) flame, they must be transported there as gases, as finely dispersed droplets of a solution, or as fine particulate matter. The various methods of sample introduction are described here in three parts — A, B, and C Chapters 15, 16, and 17 — to cover gases, solutions (liquids), and solids. Some types of sample inlets are multipurpose and can be used with gases and liquids or with liquids and solids, but others have been designed specifically for only one kind of analysis. However, the principles governing the operation of inlet systems fall into a small number of categories. This chapter discusses specifically substances that are normally liquids at ambient temperatures. This sort of inlet is the commonest in analytical work. 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy... 

For inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) the sample is normally in solution but may be a fine particulate solid or even a gas. If it is a solution, this is nebulized, resulting in a fine spray or aerosol, in flowing argon gas. The aerosol is introduced into a plasma torch, illustrated in Figure 3.21. 

Figure 3.21 A plasma torch for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy...

Recently it has been shown that rotating coiled columns (RCC) can be successfully applied to the dynamic (flow-through) fractionation of HM in soils and sediments [1]. Since the flow rate of the extracting reagents in the RCC equipment is very similar to the sampling rate that is used in the pneumatic nebulization in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), on-line coupling of these devices without any additional system seems to be possible. 

P. W. J. M. Boumans. Line Coincidence Tables for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980, 1984. Lists of emission lines for analysis and potentially overlapping lines with relative intensities, using spectrometers with two different resolutions. 

R. K. Winge, V A. Fassel, V. J. Peterson, and M. A. Floyd. Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy An Atlas of Spectral Information. Elsevier, Amsrerdam, 1985. ICP-OES specrral scans near emission lines usefol for analysis. 

Aluminium, boron, silicon Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ... 

The authors wish to thank Mr. Edmund Huff of the Chemical Technology Division for performing the inductively couple plasma atomic emission spectrographic analyses. Work performed under the auspices of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, U. S. Department of Energy under contract number W-31-109-ENG-38. 

Pt content determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Monolayer uptakes (P = 0) determined at 295 K. 

Moens L, Verreft P, Boonen S, Vanhaecke F and Dams R (1995) Solid sampling electrothermal vaporization for sample introduction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta 508 463-475. Mooijman KA, In t Veld PH, Hoekstra JA, Heisterkamp SH, Havelaar AH, Notermans SHW, Roberts D, Griepink B, Maier E (1992) Development of Microbiological Reference Materials. European Commission Report EUR 14375 EN, Community Bureau of Reference, Brussels. 

Verrept P, Dams R, Kurfurst U 1993) Electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the analysis of solid samples contribution to instrumentation and methodology. Fresenius 2 Anal Chem 345 1035-1041. 

Magnesium deficiency has been long recognized, but hypermagnesia also occurs (Anderson and Talcott 1994). Magnesium can be determined in fluids by FAAS, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and ICP-MS. In tissue Mg can be determined directly by solid sampling atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-AAS) (Herber 1994a). Both Ca and Mg in plasma/serum are routinely determined by photometry in automated analyzers. 

Method abbreviations D-AT-FAAS (derivative flame AAS with atom trapping), ETAAS (electrothermal AAS), GC (gas chromatography), HGAAS (hydride generation AAS), HR-ICP-MS (high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), TXRF (total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), Q-ICP-MS (quadrapole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)... 

Montaser a, Huse G, Wax R, Chan S, Golightly D, Kane J, Dorrzapf A Jr (1984) Analytical performance of a low-gas flow torch optimized for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Anal Chem 56 283-288. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry... 

ASTM. 1998a. ASTME1613. Standard test method for analysis of digested samples for lead by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Flame Atomic Absorption (FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption (GFAA) Techniques. American Society for Testing and Materials. 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) is used to screen polymers, liquids and solvent extracts for residual metal atoms (catalysts, fillers, etc.). The technique can provide rapid multi-component screening of elements in solution over a wide concentration range (0.1-1,000 pg/ml). 

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