Extractables / leachables inorganic

Thus far, this review has focused completely on organic extractables and leachables, however it is also possible to have inorganic extractables and leachables associated with pharmaceutical packaging and drug products. Inorganic extractables/leachables can arise from residual... 

Inorganic extractables/leachables would include metals and other trace elements such as silica, sodium, potassium, aluminum, calcium, and zinc associated with glass packaging systems. Analytical techniques for the trace analysis of these elements are well established and include inductively coupled plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), ICP-MS, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), electron microprobe, and X-ray fluorescence. Applications of these techniques have been reviewed by Jenke. " An example of an extractables study for certain glass containers is presented by Borchert et al. ". ... 

Speciated Components Little information is available for RMs with respect to the chemical forms or species in which elements occur. In the first approximation, bioavaila-ble, extractable, or leachable levels of elements are of interest. Secondly, at a higher degree of sophistication, data on the levels of the actual species or inorganic moieties such as nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, bromide, bromate, iodide, iodate, and molecular species of which the elements are constituents would be of relevance to those conducting mechanistic and speciation research. Reference materials that are certified for extractable elemental concentrations are not available to monitor the usual procedures in soil science based on extraction. 

A six-step extraction method was used to operationally discriminate the chemical species of P (e.g., authigenic apatite and refractory organic P). The six-step extraction procedure separates the major reservoirs of sedimentary P into six pools, including loosely adsorbed P (LSor-P), iron-bound inorganic P (Fe-P), leachable organic P (Lea-OP), authigenic apatite (CFAP), detrital apatite (FAP), and refractory organic P (Ref-OP). The location of studied cores was as shown in Fig. 3.35. 

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