ASTM Standard Method

The most extensive body of tests are provided under the auspices of ASTM Standard methods. Specific ASTM test designations and descriptions are available (48). The other compendium of fire-retardant tests are contained ia Federal Test Method Standards 191A (49). 

The result of this equation describes the quality of the separation on the basis of an ideal size exclusion mechanism with a given pore volume distribution. The quality of the packing is deliberately excluded from this consideration. This parameter should be measured separately and judged by the plate number. The ASTM standard method for HPSEC of polystyrene (4) contains the following equation for resolution (R,) ... 

ASTM standard method D2283-86 defines the Askarel mixtures used by the utility industry (Table 5). The result of retrofilling older Askarel transformers is the presence of trace PCBs in refurbished oil filled equipment. McGraw [369]... 

Panels of high strength aluminum alloy (7075-T6) were used in this study. The panels were approximately 10 x 3 x 0.032 inch (25 x 7.5 x 0.08 cm) in size. The test environments for coating evaluation were (1) a 5% NaCl spray (fog) chamber according to ASTM Standard Method of Salt Spray (Fog) Testing (B117-73), and (2) a modified 5% NaCl/S02 spray (fog) chamber with SO gas introduced periodically - ASTM Standard Practice for Modified Salt Spray (Fog) Testing (G85-84(A4)). In the latter case, a constant spray of 5% NaCl was maintained in the chamber and SO2 was introduced for one hour four tines a day (every 6 hours)( ). Coated test panels were examined for corrosion after one- and two- eek exposure periods. 

M (t) and M (t) are the true or experimentally determined molecular weight averages. The "Method of Molecular Weight Averages" was included in the ASTM Standard Method, D3536-76, to correct for instrument spreading effects. 

An interlaboratory test program was used to evaluate the ASTM standard method for measuring Koc (ASTM, 1987b). Conducted at four laboratories using trifluralin and 13 soils types, it was found that the Koc values varied from 2400 to 14990. The coefficient of variation was about 50%. In general, one can expect a variation of 20 to 50% in Koc, (ASTM, 1987b). 

CC Closed Cup method for the measurement of the flash point. With this method, Sample vapors are not allowed to escape as they can with the open cup method. Because of this, flash points measured with the CC method are usually a few degrees lower than those measured with the OC. The choice between CC and OC is dependent on the (usually ASTM) standard method chosen for the test. 

ASTM standard method D3432 describes how to determine the amount of unreacted TDI in prepolymers and coating solutions. An internal standard is used to normalize the results. Care has to be taken not to get any prepolymer onto the main column. This test is important, as the unreacted isocyanate is a prime cause of health problems. 

Composite formulations were prepared as follows The straw samples as received from INEEL were ground to 0.69 mm in a hammer mill and oven dried to 1.1% moisture. The dried straw samples were then blended with various amounts of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), lubricants, and maleated polyethylene blends (MAPE) (see Table 2). The mixed formulations were then extruded with a 35-mm Cincinnati Milacron Model CMT 35 counterrotating conical twin screw extruder (Cincinnati Milacron, Batavia, OH), which produced a 9.525 x 38.1 mm2 solid cross-section. Flexural strength, density, and water sorption were measured for the extruded samples according to ASTM Standard Methods (13,14). 

Studies are currently being conducted on smoke development and heat release rate from treated and untreated wood and wood products (52,56). An evaluation of the available treatment systems for wood shingles and shakes was completed using artificial weathering (11). A further development from this work was a new ASTM Standard Method D2898 (67,68) for testing durability of fire-retardant treatment of wood. 

Hedden et al.65 reported that a modified fluidization tester offers several improvements over the current ASTM standardized method. This modified tester requires less than 20 mL of powder to characterize the fluidization segregation potential of a sample. In addition, the tester includes unique features for powder containment of potent compounds, in-process monitoring of the fluidization conditions, and sample retrieval without the need for sub-sampling or riffling for typical analyses. 

ASTM, "Standard Method for Assessing the Thermal Stability of Chemicals by Method of Differential Thermal Analysis", ASTM ES 37-76 (1976)... 

Partial List of ASTM Standard Methods for Toxicity Evaluation or Testing Check for New Methods... 

Proximate analyses of the fuel and char were run using a standard laboratory drying oven, muffle furnace, and analytical balance according to ASTM Standard Methods. Ultimate Analysis for percent C, H, N, S, and O in the fuel char, and condensate was conducted by the Chemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley. The energy content of the fuel and char was determined with a Parr Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter. 

According to the Part 9 of ISO 787, a 10% suspension of filler is made up in freshly distilled water at room temperature and pH measurement of suspension is made. In an ASTM standard method, a suspension is made with warm water and cooled to room temperature for measurement. An alternative method allows one to use colorimetric indicators in the measurement. 

High temperature stability of the fuels was measured using an Alcor, Inc. Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Tester (JFTOT) (j ). Low temperature (storage) stability was determined by measurement of gums, contamination and peroxide concentration (all by ASTM standard methods) before and after exposure to temperatures of 60 C for four weeks. The fuels were stored in l low actinic, dark pyrex glass bottles and were loosely covered to prevent exposure to airborne particulates. Air could still diffuse into the vessel. The vessels with fuel and various additives were thermostated at 60 C for the specified length of time. 

Measured using Alcor, Inc. JFTOT according to ASTM Standard Method D-3241. 

Sampling and Analysis Samples were collected from the daily decants immediately before feeding and analyzed for MLVSS, COD, methanol, and ammonium (NH4) concentration. A 40-ml sample was recovered from each reactor every third and fourth day of an HRT period. The unfiltered samples from the third day were stored at -80°C for future microbial community analysis. The unfiltered samples conserved on the fourth day were initially used to measure MLVSS according to ASTM Standard Method 2540 E [21] using Millipore TCLP AP40 glass fiber filters. The samples were then filtered through a Millex GP 0.22-p.m Express PES Membrane filter unit (Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA) and analyzed for soluble COD, methanol, and NH. ... 

COD was measured according to ASTM Standard Method 5220 D [21] using Hach high-range ampoules with a Hach DRB 200 digestion block and Hach DR 2010 portable data logging spectrophotometer (Hach Company, Loveland, CO) set at a 620-nm wavelength. 

ASTM Standard Methods for Particle Size Analysis C371, C678, C690, C721, C925, and C958, Annual Pook of Standards, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1990. 

X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) is a common technique for sulfur determination in hydrocarbon oils. At-line and laboratory XRF analysis is covered in the ASTM standard test methods for sulfur in petroleum products ASTM Standard Method D 4294 (for Energy Dispersive XRF, EDXRF) [1] and ASTM Standard Method D 2622 (for Wavelength Dispersive XRF, WDXRF) [2]. Polarized EDXRF [3] is also used at-line for the determination of very low sulfur content (<10 ppm sulfur) in diesel and gasoline fuels. 

To test the EPM method coals were analyzed for which the ASTM organic sulfur values were corrected for unextracted iron. As discussed by Suhr and Given (2) such a correction would take into account the effect of any pyrite that remained unextracted following the ASTM Standard Method D2492-68. As can be seen from the d ta in Table VIII, the EPM organic sulfur contents are very close to those of the corrected ASTM values. 

An EPA-approved procedure for the analysis of plutonium in water is listed in Table 6-2. In addition, the following ASTM standard methods relate to the measurement of plutonium in water D 3648, D 3084, D 3972, and D 1943 (ASTM 1981, 1982a, 1982b, 1987). Recent work has focused on more rapid analytical methods in order to determine monitor plutonium levels in waste process streams at nuclear facilities. For example, Edelson et al. (1986) have investigated the applications of inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-EAS) to routinely analyze water samples. 

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