Immune humoral

A large number of cells are involved in the immune response and all are derived fiom the multipotential stem cells of the bone marrow. The predominant cell is the lymphocyte but monocytes-macrophages, endothelial cells, eosinophils and mast cells are also involved with certain immune responses. The two types of immunity (humoral and cell-mediated) are dependent on two distinct populations of lymphocytes, the B cells and the T cells respectively. Both the humoral and the cell-mediated systems interact to achieve an effective immune response. 

To evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of marine oligopeptide preparation (MOP) from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), Yang et al. (2009) demonstrated that MOP has the potential to enhance the immune function of mice, including cellular immunity, humoral immunity, and... 

Immune Blood tests Antibody response to immunization (humoral immunity) serum concentrations of immunoglobulin subtypes (humoral immunity)... 

Antibody-Mediated Immunity (Humoral Immunity) This is the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes to neutralize and destroy an antigen. Antibodies are created in response to sufficient exposure to the antigen through an invasion by the antigen or a vaccination. A vaccination contains small amounts of the antigen sufficient to trigger the immune system to create antibodies. 

There are three processes necessary for immunity inflammation, antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity), and cell-mediated immunity (CMI). 

Pathophysiology. The etiology of CB is not known. One suspects that there is an individual susceptibility which may predispose to the development of CB which is likely dependent on inherited and acquired host defense capability. A classification of host defense factors would include cellular, immune, non-immune humoral and mucociliary functions (7), Acquired host defense problems may be related to the patient s concomitant disease(s) such as CBA, tuberculosis, sickle cell disease, etc. 

The mammalian and avian immune systems function similarly both incorporate humoral and cell-mediated cytotoxic mechanisms, " and are thought to share a 160m year old relationship with the reptilian immune system. The immune system of mammals shows sexual dimorphism " a greater immune response is normally observed in females, which has been attributed to differences in steroid hormone concentration. In the toad Bufo regularis, sexual dimorphism of the immune system is also apparent. ... 

In this type of reaction an antigen elicits the generation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes ( immune defense). Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (Tc) destroy antigen bearing cells by inducing apoptosis. This reaction can be viewed as the cellular counterpart to the humoral Type II reactions. They play an important physiological role in the defense of viruses, and can become allergic reactions under the same conditions as described for Type II reactions. 

The field of DNA vaccination started when eukaryotic expression vectors were injected into the muscle of laboratory animals [2]. The authors observed protein expression for more than 2 months after injection and noted that no special delivery system was required to obtain this expression. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that antibodies can be induced simply by injecting plasmid DNA into the muscle of mice [3]. Subsequent studies found that the injection of expression plasmids also leads to the induction of a cytotoxic T-cell response. After injection, the DNA enters cells of the vaccinated host and the encoded gene becomes expressed. This eventually leads to the induction of a cellular cytotoxic T-cell, T-helper, and/or humoral (antibody) immune response. 

Although a humoral immune response is the primaiy protection against most viral and some bacterial diseases, protective defense against other pathogens such as HIV, Plasmodium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires a cytotoxic response mediated by CD8+ T-cells (CTL response). Since the introduction of the vaccination concept by Jenner almost 200 yeats ago, only few vaccines have been developed that are able to induce a CTL response. These vaccines are usually attenuated live vaccines that are accompanied by certain risks and are not readily available for most pathogens. The immense appeal of DNA vaccines can be attributed to a considerable part to the fact that they are able to induce... 

Humoral immunity depends on soluble, noncellular effector mechanisms of the immune system. These include defensins and complement components (proteins of the innate immune system) and antibodies (products of the adaptive immune system). They are capable of reacting with foreign substances (e.g., bacteria and viruses) to produce detoxification and elimination. 

Cellular Components of Adaptive Immune Responses are T- and B-Lymphocytes whereas Humoral Components are Antibodies. 

Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies Humoral Immunity HVA Ca2+ Channels Hybridization... 

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