Bufo toads

Bufo toads from the Amazon jungie are the source of the haiiucinogen bufotenin. 

Drugs that interfere with the metabolism of serotonin have a profound effect on mental state. For example, bufotenin, isolated from Bufo toads from the Amazon jungle, and psilocin, iso-... 

The mammalian and avian immune systems function similarly both incorporate humoral and cell-mediated cytotoxic mechanisms, " and are thought to share a 160m year old relationship with the reptilian immune system. The immune system of mammals shows sexual dimorphism " a greater immune response is normally observed in females, which has been attributed to differences in steroid hormone concentration. In the toad Bufo regularis, sexual dimorphism of the immune system is also apparent. ... 

Irikura, D., et at. (2007). Characterization of a major secretory protein in the cane toad (Bufo marinus) choroid plexus as an amphibian lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase. J. Biochem. 141, 173-80. 

Data on copper concentrations in field collections of amphibians and reptiles are scarce. Crocodile eggs contain as much as 60 mg Cu/kg DW however, some toads (Bufo spp.) may contain as much as 2100 mg Cu/kg DW in livers without apparent adverse effects (Table 3.3 Goldfischer et al. 1970). 

Fowler s toad, Bufo fowlerf, 2696 pg/L for 7 days LC50 155... 

Goldfischer, S., B. Schiller, and I. Sternlieb. 1970. Copper in hepatocyte lysosomes of the toad, Bufo marinus L. Nature 228 172-173. 

Amphibians Toad, Bufo arenarum Newly-fertilized eggs held in 120 pg/L-32 mg Pb/L as lead nitrate for 72 h 120 pg/L Normal development 49... 

American toad, Bufo americanus tadpoles held in lead-enriched waters (0, 500, 750, or 1000 pg Pb/L) for 144 h then given choice of lead-containing solutions (0, 500, 750, or 1000 pg/L) in fluvorium No deaths. Toads did not prefer or avoid lead-containing solutions 48... 

European toad, Bufo bufo Yugoslavia Control area Liver 1.5 FW 1... 

Terhivuo, J., M. Lodenius, P. Nuortiva, and E. Tulisalo. 1984. Mercury content of common frogs (Rana temporaria L.) and common toads (Bufo bufo L.) collected in southern Finland. Ann. Zool. Fennici 21 41-44. 

Fowler s toad, Bufo fowleri 11.03 mg/L as nickel chloride fertilization LC50 28... 

Experimentally produced zinc deficiency in toad (Bufo arenarum) embryos resulted in adults with abnormal ovarian development, altered meiotic and ovulation processes, and embryos with a high incidence of congenital malformations (Herkovits et al. 1989). 

American toad, Bufo americanus 690 Predicted no effect on survival of late-stage larvae after exposure for 30 days 26... 

Shortly after chlordane was applied to wooden huts in Australia for termite control, large numbers of dead skinks (Morethia boulengeri, Lerista puctorittata) and frogs (Litoria caerulea, L. peronii) were discovered, presumably killed by the chlordane (Henle 1988). Toad (Bufo arenar-ium) embryos survived 0.5 mg technical chlordane/L for 8 days, but died by day 20 all embryos held in 15 mg/L were dead by day 15 (Juarez and Guzman 1984). For tadpoles of the common toad (Bufo bufo), a 48-h LC50 of 2 mg/L was reported (WHO 1984). 

Southern toad, Bufo terrestris adults whole body ... 

Hopkins, W.A., M.T. Mendonca, C.L. Rowe, and J.D. Congdon. 1998. Elevated trace metal concentrations in southern toads, Bufo terrestris, exposed to coal combustion waste. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 325-329. 

Chemistry of Skin Secretions of the Cane Toad (Bufo marinus)... 

AMzawa, T., Mukai, T., Matsukawa, M., Yoshioka, M., Morris, J. F. and Butler Jr, V. P. (1994) Structures of novel bufadienolides in the eggs of a toad, Bufo marinus. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 42, 754-756. 

Gregerman, R. I. (1952) Adrenalin and hydroxytyramine in the parotoid gland venom of the toad Bufo marinus. J. Gen. Physiol. 35, 483—487. 

Grigg, G. C., Taylor, A., McCallum, H. and Fletcher, L. (2006) Monitoring the impact of cane toads (Bufo marinus) on Northern Territory frogs - a progress report. In K. L. Molloy and W. R. Henderson (Eds.), Science of Cane Toad Invasion and Control, Proceedings of the Invasive Animals CRC/CSIRO/QLD NRM W Cane Toad Workshop, June 2006, Brisbane. Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra, pp. 47-54 Hearnden, M. N. (1991) The reproductive and larval ecology of Bufo marinus (Anura Bufonidae). 

Hutchinson, D. A. and Savitzky, A. H. (2004) Vasculature of the parotoid glands of four species of toads (Bufonidae Bufo). J. Morph. 260, 247-254. 

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