Immunomodulatory effects

Interaction of vitamin D and its metaboUtes with sex hormones has been demonstrated, particularly ia birds ia which the egg-laying functions combine calcium needs and reproductive activity. The metaboUtes of vitamin D behave as hormones. As such, they play an active role ia the endocrine system, along with other hormones, to maintain the various body functions. Several biological influences of metaboUtes of vitamin D have been studied, including effects related to cancer (193—197), skin diseases (198—201), immunomodulatory effects (202,203), and Alzheimer s disease (204—206) (Fig. 9). 

The tamarind seed XG exerts several biological activities, such as marked inhibitory effect on the binding of BK virus to cells [299] and immunomodulatory effects [300]. Recently, it was reported [301] that XG affects the proliferation of cytokines in various skin-cell lines (Fig. 14) such as HaCaT cells (im-... 

IFN-y has potent activity against HCV in the subgenomic replicon system (Dash et al. 2005 Frese et al. 2002 Lanford et al. 2003). Synergistic immunomodulatory effects of IFN-ylb and IFN-a have been reported (Wang et al. 2006). However, a pilot study of IFN-y at a dose of 100-400pg three times per week showed no antiviral efficacy in patients infected with HCV genotype 1 who had not responded to standard therapy or who had relapsed (Soza et al. 2005). 

H Immunomodulatory effects of viral TLR ligands on experimental asthma depend on the additive SS effects ofIL-12 and IL-10. J Immunol 2007 178 7805-7813. 

J. Richards, J. Auger, D. Peace, D. Gale, J. Michel, A. Koons, T. Haverty, R. Zivin, L. Jolliffe, and J. Bluestone, Phase I evaluation of humanized OKT3 toxicity and immunomodulatory effects of hOKT3-gamma4, Cancer Res., 59(9), 2096 (1999). 

Blanco-Colio LM et al (2003) Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of statins. Kidney Int 63 (1) 12—23... 

Colosio, C., Barcellini, W., Maroni, M. et al. (1996) Immunomodulatory effects of occupational exposure to mancozeb, Archives of Environmental Health, 51(6) 445M51. 

Also degradation products of carotenoids exhibit immunomodulatory effects. For example, P-carotene degradation products can stimulate production of superoxide by activated neutrophils at low micromolar concentrations but exhibit inhibitory effects at concentrations above 20 pM (Siems et al., 2003). 

Considering the propensity of RPE cells to express a range of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory proteins, the proven role of inflammation in uveitis and AMD, as well as potent immunomodulatory effects of carotenoids, it is of importance to determine the immunomodulatory effects of carotenoids and their degradation products in the RPE. 

Kirkwood, J.M. et al., Immunomodulatory effects of high-dose and low-dose interferon alpha2b in patients with high-risk resected melanoma The E2690 laboratory corollary of intergroup adjuvant trial E1690, Cancer, 95, 1101, 2002. 

Another site of action for opioids is through the regulatory actions of the central nervous system (CNS) on the immune system. Substantial evidence supports the existence of a complex, bidirectional link between the CNS and the immune system (e.g., [65]). Experimental evidence indicates that morphine s immunomodulatory effects involve central opioid receptors. An initial study by Shavit and colleagues [12] found that systemic administration of morphine, but not N-methylmorphine (a form of morphine which does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier), produces a naltrexone-reversible suppression of splenic natural killer cell activity in the rat. That same study showed that intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of morphine dose-dependently suppresses... 

Fecho, K., Dykstra, L. A., andLysle, D. T., Evidence for beta adrenergic receptor involvement in the immunomodulatory effects of morphine, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 265,1079, 1993. 

Immunomodulatory Effects of Panax Notoginseng Extract on Murine BMDC... 

A number of studies in humans show that PUFAs can generate significant immunomodulatory effects. Generally, these studies have utilized considerably lower amounts of fish oil to treat subjects than found in most animal studies. Numerous clinical trials have examined the effects of fish oil on rheumatoid arthritis and many have reported statistically significant benefits such as decreased morning stiffness and numbers of tender joints [57]. Several other studies have reported that PUFAs can provide therapeutic benefits for patients with IgA nephropathy, the most common primary human glomerulonephritis... 

Relatively few reports have examined the benefits or perils of herb combinations. Because the activity of a particular herb in a mixture might differ from its activity as a single component, it would be prudent to test the effects of prescribed formulas. The potential for herbal formulae to affect the immune system are increasingly being found in the use of Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicinals as described in an excellent review by Borchers and colleagues. [94], For example, Shosaiko-to is a seven-herb mixture that has been shown to protect patients from viral hepatitis via modulation of several cytokines such as IFN-a/p, G-CSF, and TNF-a. Animal studies have been conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of the various herbs in Shosaiko-to. Interestingly, four of its individual constituents induced several-fold higher levels of TNF-a when... 

Cells of the T cell lineage appear to be more sensitive to the immunomodulatory effects of Pb compared to other lymphoid populations. In addition, there are considerable differences in sensitivity across various T cell subpopulations [38 41], This differential sensitivity has become another major hallmark of Pb-induced immunotoxicity, although most data implicate T cells as indirect targets of Pb immunotoxicity. Both in vivo and in vitro observations of T-dependent immune responses in the presence of Pb suggest that T helper function and Th-dependent cytokines are skewed preferentially toward Th2 reactivities. Smith and Lawrence [42] found that Pb inhibited antigen presentation and stimulated a T cell clone of the Thl phenotype. McCabe and Lawrence [38] were the first to show that Pb inhibited Thl stimulation while it promoted presentation to Th2 clones. Heo and colleagues [39 41] provided both in vitro and in vivo results supporting this immunomodulation by Pb. 

Mori, C. et al., Immunomodulatory effects of in vitro exposure to organochlorines on T cell proliferation in marine mammals and mice, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 69, 283, 2006. 

Induced models are often used to the study the pathogenesis of, and therapeutic venues for relevant autoimmune diseases. Some of these models, in particular EAE and AA models, have also been proposed as means to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of chemicals on established autoimmune diseases in the Tiered Approach of immunotoxicity testing. 

This drug has marked immunomodulatory effects and can alter the normal function of T and B lymphocytes, NK cells and macrophages, both in vivo and in vitro, in humans and animals (Table 30.1).910 Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms for these effects are not fully defined, it is believed that both receptor and non-receptor mechanisms are involved. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are G-protein coupled 7-... 

Recent studies on peptide functionalities have revealed some other beneficial health improvements such as antidiabetic, antithrombotic, hypochlesterolemic and immunomodulatory effects. In addition, it has also been reported recently that VY, one of the vasoactive and VDCC... 

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