Humoral adaptive immune response

Cellular Components of Adaptive Immune Responses are T- and B-Lymphocytes whereas Humoral Components are Antibodies. 

While the tradition in biomedical science has been to pigeon-hole cells or events into discrete systems, nowhere is the folly of this simplistic approach better illustrated than in the immune system where the vanguard must be connectedness. For example, dendritic cells are key players in innate and adaptive immune responses, humoral immunity involves both... 

In experimental mouse studies, TCDD exposure results in thymic atrophy and alterations in an array of adaptive immune responses including delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, and T-cell-dependent antibody responses. In contrast, TCDD enhances neutrophil recruitment to the site of antigen challenge. Because both cell-mediated and humoral immunity are suppressed by TCDD and related HAHs, it is not surprising that administration of these compounds to mice results in increased susceptibility to challenge with viral, bacterial, or parasitic diseases, as well as syngeneic tumors. 

These mature, but naive T cells exit peripheral blood and seed lymphoid organs in T-cell specific zones to be acquired by adaptive immune responses for elimination of infected or tumor cells, support for humoral immune responses, formation of immunologic memory, prevention of excessive tissue damage, and facilitation of tissue regeneration (see Chapter 12). 

AMPs can act as adjuvants for adaptive immune responses, enhancing specific and protective responses. LL-37 [200], cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) [189] and mouse BD-2 [201] enhanced antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, and induced protective anti-tumor immunity in some conditions [200]. It has been suggested that even low doses of AMPs can influence immune responses, since LL-37 has a synergistic activity with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-ip [155,196]. 

We assumed that IC31 - that is, the combination of KLKL5KLK and ODNla - would result in an effective adjuvant, and we are currently investigating the potency of IC31 on the induction of adaptive immune responses. Initial results indicate that peptide-specific type 1 cellular immune responses and protein-specific mixed type 1/ type 2 cellular and humoral immune responses are induced. This implies that... 

A. Overview The innate immune system initiates the defense against pathogens and antigenic insult. It involves the concerted actions of complement components, lysozyme, macrophages, and neutrophils. If the innate response is inadequate, the adaptive immune response is mobilized. This culminates in the activation of T lymphocytes, the effectors of cell-mediated immunity and the production of antibodies, by activated B lymphocytes, the effectors of humoral immunity. The cell types involved in immune responses can be identified by specific cell surface components or clusters of differentiation (CDs). For example, T helper cells bear the CD4 protein complex, whereas cytotoxic T lymphocytes express the CDS protein complex. Clusters of differentiation also can be used to characterize other types of hematopoietic cells, including precursors of granulocytes, megakaryocytes, and erythrocytes (Chapter 33). 

The inflammatory (innate) and immune (adaptive) responses have common components. It is possible to have inflammatory responses only with no adaptive immune response. In this situation, both humoral and cellular components that are shared by both types of responses may only participate in the inflammatory response. Table 13 indicates the common components to the inflammatory (innate) and immune (adaptive) responses. Maaophages and dendritic cells are known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) responsible for the initiation of the adaptive immune response. 

The innate and adaptive branches of the immune response are both needed for optimal immune function, and the two interact extensively.18,23 The adaptive response s ability to recognize and deal with foreign pathogens likewise involves an incredibly complex interaction between various cellular and chemical (humoral) components.23 48 51 A detailed description of the intricacies of how these components work together is beyond the scope of this chapter. Many aspects of the immune response are still being investigated. An overview of key cellular and humoral elements that mediate acquired immunity is illustrated in Figure 37-1, and these elements are described briefly below. 

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