Serum concentrations

Regulation of Serum Concentration. Regulation of semm Mg " appears to result from a balance among intestinal absorption, renal... 

PTU is also well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Peak serum concentrations are in the range of 3 f.Lg/ml at 1 h after drug ingestion after an oral dose of... 

HYDANTOINS Fhenytoin is the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant because of its effectiveness and relatively low toxicity. However, a genetically linked inability to metabolize phenytoin has been identified. For this reason, it is important to monitor serum concentrations of the drug on a regular basis to detect signs of toxicity Fhenytoin is administered orally and parenterally. If the drug is administered parenterally, the IV route is preferred over the intramuscular route because erratic absorption of phenytoin causes pain and muscle damage at the injection site... 

If die nitrates are administered witii the antihypertensives, alcohol, calcium channel blockers, or the phe-notiiiazines, there may be an increased hypotensive effect. When nitroglycerin is administered intravenously (IV), die effects of heparin may be decreased. Increased nitrate serum concentrations may occur when the nitrates are administered witii aspirin. 

Additive bone marrow depressive effects occur when the miotic inhibitor drugs are administered with other anti-neoplastic dragp or radiation therapy. Administration of vincristine with digoxin results in a decreased therapeutic effect of tlie digoxin and decreased plasma digoxin levels. There is a decrease in serum concentrations of phenytoin when administered widi vinblastine... 

There is limited information available regarding the distribution of methyl parathion after dermal exposure in humans. Two subjects, dermally exposed to methyl parathion, had 2.74 and 1.23 mg on their hands. Twenty-four hours after exposure, the serum levels were 0.027 and 0.032 mg/L, respectively (Ware et al. 1973). Twelve hours after cotton fields were sprayed, five men entered the treated fields for 5 hours. An average of 1.7 mg methyl parathion was detected on their hands. Serum concentrations averaged 0.156 mg/L in these subjects after 3 hours of exposure. Levels decreased to 0.1 and 0.002 mg/L at 2 and 24 hours postexposure, respectively (Ware et al. 1975). Although 0.5 mg methyl parathion was detected on the hands of four subjects, none was found in the serum (Ware et al. 1974). No information on the tissue distribution of methyl parathion in humans was found. 

AUC area under the blood/plasma/serum concentration-time... 

Ludolph-Hauser D, Rueff F, Fries C, et al Con- 40 stitutively raised serum concentrations of mast-cell tryptase and severe anaphylactic reactions to Hyme-noptera stings. Lancet 2001 357 361-362. 

Basal values for serum Immunoreactlve CT In patients with overt MTC are almost always Increased above 1000 pg/ml, and relatively Insensitive assays are capable of measuring these levels. However, many MTC patients relatives with occult MTC have values below 100 pg/ml (20 pg/tube If serum concentrations... 

OH-D3 may prove to be helpful in anticipating overdosage. However, systematic studies which correlate vitamin D dosage, 25-OH-D3 serum concentrations, and serum calcium in patients such as these, have not yet been reported. 

The serum concentration of a number of proteins increases dramatically during infection. Their levels can increase by up to 100-fold compared with normal levels. They are known collectively as acute phase proteins and certain of them have been shown to enhance phagocytosis in conjunction with complement. 

Serum concentrations lie between 0.5 and 2.5mgml. IgM can fix complement and a single molecule can initiate the complement cascade. IgM (with IgD) is the major immunoglobulin expressed on the surface ofB cells where it acts as an antigen receptor. 

Garcia-Morales EJ, Cariappa R, Parvin CA. Osmole gap in neurosurgical-neurosurgical intensive care unit its normal value, calculation, and relationship with mannitol serum concentrations. Crit Care Med 2004 32(4) 986-991. 

VANHARANTA M, VOUTILAINEN S, LAKKA T A, VAN DER LEE M, ADLERCREUTZ H, SALONEN J T (1999) Risk of acute coronary events according to serum concentrations of enterolactone a prospective population-based case-control study, The Lancet, 354, 2112-15. 

Among 27 prospective and case-control studies, 16 reported inverse associations between some carotenoids and CVDs, taking plasma or serum concentration as carotenoid biomarkers (11 of 16 studies), dietary intake (5 of 16 studies), or adipose tissue level (1 of 16 studies). With regard to the findings from the studies based on CVD risk, only two of seven presented significant inverse associations of carotenoids, particularly lycopene and P-carotene, whereas five studies of nine showed inverse correlations between myocardial infarcts and lycopene and/or P-carotene the others presented no associations. ... 

De Pee, S. et al.. Orange fruit is more effective than are dark-green, leafy vegetables in increasing serum concentrations of retinol and (3-carotene in school children in Indonesia, Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 68, 1058, 1998. 

In humans, peak plasma or serum concentrations of lutein occurred 11 to 16 hr after administration of a single oral dose. During daily supplementation with 20 mg of lutein, steady-state plasma concentrations were reached in about 30 days. This is consistent with an elimination half-life of 5 to 7 days. 

In a 20-week multicenter intervention trial with lutein in healthy human subjects, no changes were noted in hematological or biochemical parameters after continuous daily lutein doses of 15 mg (0.25 mg/kg body weight, assuming a body weight of 60 kg). A relatively large number of human studies have examined correlations between macular degeneration and dietary intake of lutein or zeaxanthin, intakes via dietary supplements, and serum concentrations. 

Studies have demonstrated reduced serum concentrations of vitamin E in patients with RA (Honkanen etal.. 

Guyan et al. 1990) have used several markers of lipid peroxidation (9-cis-, 11-tmns-isomer of linoleic acid, conjugated dienes and ultraviolet fluorescent products) to demonstrate significant increases in the duodenal aspirate after secretin stimulation in patients with acute and clinic pancreatitis. They interpreted this as indicating induction of hepatic and pancreatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in the face of a shortfidl of antioxidant defences, more marked in chronic pancreatitis. Subsequent studies in patients with chronic pancreatitis have confirmed decreased serum concentrations of selenium, -carotene and vitamin E compared with healthy controls (Uden et al., 1992). Basso aol. (1990) have measured increases in lipid peroxides in the sera of patients with chronic... 

Serum concentrations of PCP determined by enzyme immunoassay in 405 patients also did not correlate with the state of intoxication at the time the blood speciman was obtained, although the highest PCP concentrations in the study were associated with major patterns. However, some patients with major patterns had negative... 

Serum concentrations of D-dimer, a by-product of thrombin generation, is usually elevated. The patient may have an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and white blood cell (WBC) count. 

Increased serum concentrations of IgE or eosinophils may help confirm the diagnosis of asthma but are not diagnostic for asthma. 

Target serum theophylline concentrations are 5 to 15 mg/L (28 to 83 fimol/L). Adverse effects generally are not problematic at serum concentrations below 15 mg/L (83 ftmol/L), but the increased risk of adverse effects outweighs the increase in bronchodilation in most patients above 15 mg/L (83 fimol/L).36 Headache, nausea, vomiting, and irritability may occur at serum concentrations less than 20 mg/L (110 fimol/L) but are rare when the dose is started low and increased slowly. More serious adverse effects, including cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, toxic encephalopathy, and death can occur at higher concentrations.18 Arrhythmias and seizures may occur without nausea and vomiting, particularly in chronic toxicity. 

Monitor theophylline levels with goal serum concentrations in the range of 5 to 15 mcg/mL (28 to 83 4mol/L). Trough levels should be obtained 1 to 2 weeks after initiation of treatment... 

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