Humoral immune response secondary

Humoral immune responses can be divided into two types primary and secondary responses, which reflect the cellular dynamics of the immune system and the immune state of the host. A primary response is caused by the first exposure to a given immunogen and results in the appearance of predominantly IgM antibodies after a relatively long lag period, followed by a peak and a decline of antibody formation. After a lapse of time, another exposure to the immunogen produces a quite different, secondary response which is characterized by a shorter lag period, a stronger response with predominantly IgG antibodies and, after a peak has been reached, a slower decrease. 

Mild reductions in primary and secondary humoral immune response to immunization with exogenous protein antigen... 

This chapter is concerned only with the primary defects in the cellular or humoral immune response. Thus, all hypercatabolic states or those due to exogenous agents, such as irradiation or drugs, are excluded as are im-munodeficient states secondary to malignant processes. The primary immunodeficiencies are categorized in the accompanying tabled... 

It is also important to consider that malnutrition is one of the most common causes that induce secondary immunodeficiency in children and is associated with increased risk for infections. Studies conducted by Taylor et al. (2013) showed that PEM increased susceptibility to influenza infection in mice. In addition, Cheung et al. (2012) observed that probiotic administration improved the general status of patients with liver disease and prevented complications, such as ascites and inflammation. Other studies performed in humans have demonstrated that children with PEM given a probiotic-like curd accelerated the immune recovery, improving both cellular and humoral immune responses (Dewan et al. 2007). 

Hoffman et al.52, presented evidence that a single oral dose of tilorone enhanced the primary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in mice as measured by the Jerne Plaque technique. They also reported an increase in hemolysin titer after tilorone administration. To further evaluate the action of tilorone on humoral antibody responses, Megel ef a/.3 have studied its effect on 19S and 7S production in the primary and secondary immune responses in mice. It was found that tilorone elevated 19S antibody titer on days 3 and 4 after immunization. After 9 days of continuous drug administration, the 19 S response for both groups was diminished compared to days 3 and 4 however tilorone was found to cause a significant increase in the 7S antibody production compared to controls. Tilorone also stimulated the 19S response to E. coli endotoxin, a thymus-independent antigen, on days 3 and 4 after immunization. 

In contrast to the effects of tilorone on humoral antibody production, the drug suppressed cell-mediated immune responses as evidenced by the significant decrease in paralysis in the EAE (experimental allergic encephalomyelitis) model, the inhibition of the tuberculin skin reaction, and the reduction in the secondary swelling in adjuvant arthritis3. ... 

Using dogs as their experimental animals, Sheffy and Schultz (1978) found that the humoral response could be influenced by selenium and Vitamin E, Vaccination with a canine distemper, infectious hepatitis virus vaccine resulted in lower antibody titers in animals deficient in selenium and Vitamin E than in control animals. The appearance of measurable antibody titers following immunization was also delayed in the Vitamin E, selenium-deficient dogs. The primary immune response to SRBC was unaffected in these dogs, whereas it was the secondary response the (IgG) antl-SRBC antibody levels that were reduced in the deficient animals. 

Humoral-mediated immunity Enumeration of secondary antibody (IgG) response to sheep red blood cells... 

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