Idea

The Internet s growth is amazing. Investor s Business Daily reported on a research study by International Data Corp. that showed commercial sites on the World Wide Web grew by more than 45,000 in 1996. 

What s in it for us Trade magazines show numerous sites for chemical engineers, some with monthly lists. No list of sites can ever be complete because of frequent additions and turnover. The following are some examples of chemical engineering sites. As you browse these on line, you will find others  

Alloy Tech—www.alloytech.com Carpenter Technology Corp—www.cartech.com Automation 

Allen-Bradley—www.ab.com Foxboro—ww W .foxboro.com Chemical Engineering Information Chemical Engineering— 

Chemical Engineering URL s Directory— www.ciw.uni-karlsruhe.de/chem-eng.html Engineering Information—www.ei.org Chemical Information 

---

We have paid particular attention to industrial processes and have tried to give some indication of the use of particular chemicals. In order to give some idea of the relative magnitudes of production we have included data on annual production. In this, because of availability of data, we have not been entirely consistent in including common data or common units. (World, U.S. or European production figures are used as seem most appropriate or up-to-date - and it must be remembered that for most speciality chemicals U.S. production is dominant.)... 

The term resonance has also been applied in valency. The general idea of resonance in this sense is that if the valency electrons in a molecule are capable of several alternative arrangements which differ by only a small amount in energy and have no geometrical differences, then the actual arrangement will be a hybrid of these various alternatives. See mesomerism. The stabilization of such a system over the non-resonating forms is the resonance energy. 

Of this book Albert Einstein said Gives a really clear idea of the problem, especially the development of our knowledge concerning the propagation of light and the difficulties which arose from the apparently inevitable introduction of the ether. 

Creativity and lateral thinking can work together for managers in developing new products or ideas Edward de Bono shows how. 

Chromatographic techniques, particularly gas phase chromatography, are used throughout all areas of the petroleum industry research centers, quality control laboratories and refining units. The applications covered are very diverse and include gas composition, search and analysis of contaminants, monitoring production units, feed and product analysis. We will show but a few examples in this section to give the reader an idea of the potential, and limits, of chromatographic techniques. 

Another characteristic similar to A/ 100 is the Distribution Octane Number (DON) proposed by Mobil Corporation and described in ASTM 2886. The idea is to measure the heaviest fractions of the fuel at the inlet manifold to the CFR engine. For this method the CFR has a cooled separation chamber placed between the carburetor and the inlet manifold. Some of the less volatile components are separated and collected in the chamber. This procedure is probably the most realistic but less discriminating than that of the AJ 100 likewise, it is now only of historical interest. 

The idea of clean motor and heating fuels, that is, those having an improved impact on the environment, has been developing since the beginning of the 1980s, first in the United States. It has since then appeared in Europe and will most certainly have its impact in the rest of the world beyond the year 2000. 

The European regulations have set SO2 emission limits for industrial combustion systems. They range from 1700 mg/Nm for power generation systems of less than 300 MW and to 400 mg/Nm for those exceeding 500 MW between 300 and 500 MW, the requirements are a linear interpolation (Figure 5.24). To give an idea how difficult it is to meet these requirements, recall that for a fuel having 4% sulfur, the SO2 emissions in a conventional boiler are about 6900 mg/Nm this means that a desulfurization level of 75% will be necessary to attain the SO2 content of 1700 mg/Nm and a level of 94% to reach 400 mg/Nm. ... 

Odor is of prime importance because a petroleum solvent is often used in closed rooms moreover, the idea of odor is tied instinctively in the public image to toxicity. Odor is a function of the solvent s composition and volatility. Generally, the paraffin hydrocarbons are less odorous while the aromatics are more so. 

Since the 1960 s, two ideas have gained our attention the struggle against pollution before the first oil crisis of 1973 and the diminution of consumption since. One can consider, in fact, that the two objectives are linked. Indeed, any maladjustment of a fuel admission system will modify the equivalence ratio of the mix. The consequences are modifications, on one hand, of the consumption and on the other, of the nature and the quantity of pollutants emitted CO, NO, and unburned hydrocarbons. 

To give some structure to the process design it is common to present information and ideas in the form of process flow schemes (PFS). These can take a number of forms and be prepared in various levels of detail. Atypical approach is to divide the process into a hierarchy differentiating the main process from both utility and safety processes. 

The Subsea Production Template is generally recommended for use with six or more wells. It is commonly used when an operator has a firm idea of the number of wells that... 

The first three phases listed above are sometimes defined collectively as the pre-project stage. This is the stage in which ideas are developed and tested, but before large funding commitments are made. 

Enhancements to the process may be required due to sub-optimal initial design of the equipment, or to implement new technology, or because an idea for improving the production system has emerged. De-bottlenecking would be an example of an... 

The field may enter into an economic decline when either income is falling (production decline) or costs are rising, and in many cases both are happening. Whilst there may be scope for further investment in a field in economic decline, it should not tie up funds that can be used more effectively in new projects. A mature development must continue to generate a positive cashflow and compete with other projects for funds. The options that are discussed in this section give some idea of the alternatives that may be available to manage the inevitable process of economic decline, and to extend reservoir and facility life. 

Injection of produced water is not a new idea, but the technique has met resistance due to concerns about reservoir impairment (solids or oil in the water may block the reservoir pores and reducing permeability). However, as a field produces at increasingly high water cuts, the potential savings through reduced treatment costs compared with the consequences of impairment become more attractive. 

Filters that output noncoherent detector statistics have, in our recent work [1], shown to be very powerful for grain noise suppression in ultrasonics. However, such filters require the operator to carefully specify a transient prototype as a model of the defect echoes which should be detected. Here a new approach is presented, based on the above ideas about perception, which eliminates the need for the operator to manually specify a defect prototype. 

The idea of using mathematical modeling for describing materials behavior under loads is well known. Some physical phenomena, which can be observed in materials during testing, have time dependent quantitative characteristics. It gives a possibility to consider them as time series and use well developed models for their analysis [1, 2]. Usually applied... 

An idea of investigation of AE response of the material to different types of loads and actions seems to be useful for building up a dynamic model of the material. In this ease AE is representing OUT data, and it is possible to take various AE parameters for this purpose. It is possible to consider a single AE pulse in time or frequency domain or AE pulses sequence as... 

The basic idea is to extract firstly "sure" contours contour segment extremities are identified by studying the local neighbourhood of each pixel. The aim of closing contours algorithm is to find the best path between two points that are extremities of the gap to fulfil. 

The removal tests show important variations between products which do not influence the results because all penetrant can be washed easily. Resistance test to over washing give an evaluation of the hanging up of the product on the pieee and because the washing is an operation realized by an operator for our applications, they permit to have a good idea on the influency of this operation on the end of the test one operator who washes too much a penetrant increases the probability to make the indications desappear. 

From where the idea to do a processing of the image received by this spectrum to identify this defect. 

The experimental investigations are carried out in order to get an idea about the variations of the visibility of the indications during practical inspections. The specimen where a test piece with spare eroded artificial defects (Width 25 pm depth d = 30, 60, 120 pm) and other specimen with natural cracks, a forged steering lever and a weld. As an example, in Fig 4 the steering lever with 2 cracks can be seen and below the dependance on the visibilty of a weak indication and a part of the bright indications on the field strenght H. 

Insufficient information about the properties, layout pattern of small defects, potential for their growth in time, usually leads either to an unjustified rejection (repair) or to underestimation of the importance of the defect and, as aconsequence, construction failure. Use of automated computerised means of control allows safe service of the old constructions, periodically repeating the UT and monitoring the development of discontinuities in the metal. The main idea of such policy is periodical UT of development of discontinuities or, in a more general form, monitoring of the metal condition. 

If the signal features already have been chosen, another important problem is how to optimally combine these features in order to obtain the best estimate of the material property. The physical reasoning will give us ideas of how to combine the features but there will be no guarantee that we are using the chosen features in an optimal way. One reason for this is that we have to take into account the uncertainties that always are present in measurement data. 

Some methods that paitly cope with the above mentioned problem have been proposed in the literature. The subject has been treated in areas like Cheraometrics, Econometrics etc, giving rise for example to the methods Partial Least Squares, PLS, Ridge Regression, RR, and Principal Component Regression, PCR [2]. In this work we have chosen to illustrate the multivariable approach using PCR as our regression tool, mainly because it has a relatively easy interpretation. The basic idea of PCR is described below. 

Let u be a vector valued stochastic variable with dimension D x 1 and with covariance matrix Ru of size D x D. The key idea is to linearly transform all observation vectors, u , to new variables, z = W Uy, and then solve the optimization problem (1) where we replace u, by z . We choose the transformation so that the covariance matrix of z is diagonal and (more importantly) none if its eigenvalues are too close to zero. (Loosely speaking, the eigenvalues close to zero are those that are responsible for the large variance of the OLS-solution). In order to liiid the desired transformation, a singular value decomposition of /f is performed yielding... 

In the converse situation free of gravity, a drop assumes a perfectly spherical shape. At one point, the U.S. Space program tested this idea with the solidification of ball bearings from molten metal drops in microgravity conditions. 

The idea that unsymmetrical molecules will orient at an interface is now so well accepted that it hardly needs to be argued, but it is of interest to outline some of the history of the concept. Hardy [74] and Harkins [75] devoted a good deal of attention to the idea of force fields around molecules, more or less intense depending on the polarity and specific details of the structure. Orientation was treated in terms of a principle of least abrupt change in force fields, that is, that molecules should be oriented at an interface so as to provide the most gradual transition from one phase to the other. If we read interaction energy instead of force field, the principle could be reworded on the very reasonable basis that molecules will be oriented so that their mutual interaction energy will be a maximum. 

The effect of surface roughness on contact angle was modeled by several authors about 50 years ago (42, 45, 63, 64]. The basic idea was to account for roughness through r, the ratio of the actual to projected area. Thus = rA. lj apparent and similarly for such that the Young equation (Eq.-X-18) becomes... 

Bowden and Tabor [4] cite support for the general idea that film molecules are forced to a horizontal configuration in load-bearing regions and the general idea was proposed by Wilson in 1955 [63]. 

---