Ideas for

Enhancements to the process may be required due to sub-optimal initial design of the equipment, or to implement new technology, or because an idea for improving the production system has emerged. De-bottlenecking would be an example of an... 

Note that different spreadsheets and different versions of the same spreadsheet vary in the details of the calculation but that the basic idea for all is to cany out the calculation for the top cell and fill in the remaining cells in the same column with the mouse—a very convenient technique for simple calculations on large data sets. Consult the Help section of your spreadsheet for specific details. 

Good design ideas for new plants are also good for existing plants, but there are three basic differences. (/) Because a plant already exists, the capital—operating cost curve differs. Usually, this makes it more difficult to reduce utiHty costs to as low a level as in a new plant. (2) The real economic justification for change is more likely to be obscured by the plant accounting system and other nontechnical inputs. (2) The real process needs are... 

QA should audit at least the most important suppHers. This type of review often results in the exchange of ideas for improvement to quaUty systems of both the suppHer and the customer. Sometimes such an audit also identifies a suppHer having a serious deficiency. 

Many companies provide support for both their research personnel and technical service personnel to participate in these types of activities. Even a pohcy of one conference per person per year, if appHed correctiy, provides a great deal of value to the individual and to the organization. The returns on this investment iaclude intangibles such as additional technical contacts and enhancement of the technical reputation of the company, as well as tangibles such as personnel possessing the latest information in their fields of endeavor, allowing them to better address customer concerns and needs, and developing ideas for process and product improvements. 

LB Films of Polymeric Amphiphile. Since the first successful deposition of a polymeric LB film (61), there have been a large number of studies examining different stmctural parameters on the transferabiHty and stabiHty of the polymeric LB films (4). One interesting idea for polymers for LB films is the use of a spacer group (mosdy hydrophilic) to decouple the motion of the polymer from that of the Hpid membrane (62,63). Monolayers from a poljmier (10) having hydrophilic phosphate groups and a tetraethylene oxide spacer were used to link a glycerol diether to the polymer chain (63). 

Chemically related database searches can be used to estabhsh concepts and patentable ideas. For instance, searches have identified researchers using particular monomers in a potentially patentable latex formulation found precedents for a polymeric emulsifier summarized pubHcations of people being considered as consultants, expert witnesses, employees or speakers to an industrial group and provided market description information for a new pigment manufacturing firm to identify target markets. 

Study. Their location represents the range of the conditions that should be used in a statistically designed set of experiments for kinetic studies and not actual conditions at the particular location. This way, the same flow is again maintained on all three scales and the troublesome effect of changing flow conditions on scale-up can be eliminated. The proposed idea, for scale-up by scale-down from the view point of the catalyst, was proven to be effective in many industrial projects. 

Manufacturing analysis. Component eosts are ealeulated by eonsidering materials, manufaeturing proeesses and aspeets sueh as eomplexity, volume and toleranee. This allows ideas for part eount reduetion to be tested sinee eombining parts ean lead to more eomplex eomponents and ehanges to manufaeturing proeesses. 

The idea for safe control is to have the air lead the fuel on increases in demand and fuel lead the air on decreases in demand. On load increases, the air is increased ahead of the fuel. On load decreases, the fuel is decreased ahead of the air. This is accomplished with high- and low-signal selectors. 

It is not a bad idea for the process engineer to familiarize himself with compressor surge controls. The interaction of the compressor surge controls with downstream process control valves can become a problem area later, and this study phase is not too early to put such items on a checklist. An LNG plant example comes to mind where such an operating problem existed. 

It is a good idea for the user to have a witness to check that someone has inspected and verified operation of all safety and warning instrumen-... 

The idea for the turbojet did not come to Whittle suddenly, but over a period of some years initially while he was a final year flight cadet at RAF Cranwell about 1928 subsequently as a pilot officer in a fighter squadron and then... 

The second major element of design is the collection of manufacturing alternatives because If we cannot make the object, then the design is virtually useless. We might seemingly have a nice idea for a structure, but if nobody can build the structure, then the idea is a waste of time. 

The two reports may be very similan it may be wise to confine reports to facilities to strictly factual findings, leaving interviewers opinions and ideas for review by the PSM tecim to determine their value and potential application to the implementation plan. 

Baldwn, J. (1996). BuckyWorks Buckminster Fuller s Ideas for Today. New York Wiley. 

Also in 1950 Sakliarov and Tamm proposed an idea for a controlled thermonuclear fusion reactor, the TOKAMAK (acronym for the Russian phrase for toroidal chamber with magnetic coiF ), which achieved the highest ratio of output power to input power of any fusion device of the twentieth centuiy. This reactor grew out of interest in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction, since 1950. Sakharov first considered electrostatic confinement, but soon came to the idea of magnetic confinement. Tamm joined the effort with his work on particle motion in a magnetic field, including cyclotron motion, drifts, and magnetic surfaces. Sakharov and Tamm realized that... 

In 1957, this team of brothers-in-law started working together on Townes s idea for an optical maser. They found atoms that they felt had the most potential, based on transitional probabilities and lifetimes. However, there was still one major problem In the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, atoms don t remain in an excited state as long as... 

General van Riper, during the time when he was Commanding General at the Marine Corps Concept Development Command at Quantico, VA, (1994-1996), approached CNA with an idea for a study that asked. What do all of these new ideas I ve been hearing about - nonlinearity, complexity, complex adaptive systems - have to do with combat Since many at CNA knew of my deep interest in the subject, I was soon asked to direct a project addressing this question a project that has since spawned a follow-on multi-year effort sponsored by the Office of Naval Research to develop an artificial-life model of combat. To say that Lt.Gen van Riper s appear-... 

Mitler, H., Phys. Rev. 99, 1835, "Correlation energy of He." Application of Wigner s idea for two-electron case. 

Many ideas for advancing electrical and electronic systems have been adopted since the early 1940s, which saw the start of high electronic frequency radar systems. The earliest major use of plastics for electrical insulation early in last century come with the advent of developments in electrical... 

Mr. Wondrich said that he got the idea for rye whiskey dosed with Tabasco sauce from a book of hard-luck stories, Tales of the Ex-Tanks, which purports to be the minutes of the Harlem Club of Former Alcoholic Degenerates, written by Clarence Louis Cullen, a New York Sun reporter, and published in 1900. 

An Oklahoma Bootlegger wouldn t be a bad idea for a drink. I hope Mr. Olian was paying attention. 

In general the relevance of predictions of structure-function relationships based on molecular modeling and structural bioinformatics are threefold. First they can be used to answer the question of which partners (proteins) could interact. Second, predictions generate new hypotheses about binding site, about molecular mechanisms of activation and interaction between two partners, and can lead to new ideas for pharmacological intervention. The third aim is to use the predictions for structure-based drug design. 

The foregoing provides background material for basic ideas for the sequel. Of essence is the observation that with each iteration the value of the objective function improves towards the optimum value or, at worst, remains the same for iterations in the region that satisfies all the constraints. This region is called the feasible region. 

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