Reducing, treatment

Injection of produced water is not a new idea, but the technique has met resistance due to concerns about reservoir impairment (solids or oil in the water may block the reservoir pores and reducing permeability). However, as a field produces at increasingly high water cuts, the potential savings through reduced treatment costs compared with the consequences of impairment become more attractive. 

Where uncontrolled water loss is demonstrated to be minimal in heating boilers, logic dictates that potential problems also are likely reduced. Treatment programs can therefore be simple, boiler sludges will be low, and (boiler insurance or legal requirements apart) little or no BD is required during the operation of heating boilers. 

Directly observed treatment (DOT) should be used whenever possible to reduce treatment failures and the selection of drug-resistant isolates. 

Many facilities in this industry use in-plant technology to reduce or eliminate the waste load, requiring end-of-pipe treatment and thereby improve the quality of the effluent discharge and reduce treatment costs. In-plant technology involves water reuse, process material conservation, reclamation of waste enamel, process modifications, material substitutions, improved rinse techniques, and good housekeeping practices.3-615... 

CZ-O is a conventional mixed oxide prepared by hydrolysis of Zr0(N03)2 with an aqueous ammonia solution in the presence of a fine ceria powder. CZ-R was obtained by a reducing treatment in CO at 1200°C while CZ-D was prepared by high-energy ball... 

So-called "wormholes" can be formed when the injected acid primarily enters the largest diameter flow channels in carbonate rock further widening them (107). Acid only invades the small flow channels a short distance greatly reducing treatment effectiveness. High fluid loss rates, low injection rates, and reduced rates of acid-rock reactions decrease the wormhole length. 

Figure 3. Photovoltage from n-CdTe etched with an oxidizing etch ( ) or an oxidizing etch followed by a reducing treatment (NaOH/StOf ) ( J as a function of E,/t of a contacting couple. Key to redox couples 1, Ru(bipy),0/ 2, Rufbipy), 0 3, Ru(bipy), 4, TQt/0 5, TQ > 6, Fe(r)5-CsMes)t m 7, Fe(-f-CsHs)t "> 8, TMPEF /.. 9 TMPD 0 10, MV2t/ and 11, MV 10. (Reproduced from Ref. 18.)...

These results indicated osteoporosis. In this condition, which often appears secondary to another pathology such as an endocrinopathy, chronic renal failure or following long term immobilization, bone architecture is normal hut its mass is reduced relative to its volume, that is there is normal mineralization hut the amount of osteoid matrix is reduced. Treatment is with bone resorption inhibitors such as the bisphosphonate group of drugs, for example alendronate. 

The first step in good pretreatment practice is the segregation of major wastewater streams. This frequently simplifies waste treating problems as well as reducing treatment facility costs. Treatment at the source is also helpful in recovering byproducts that otherwise would not be economically recovered from combined wastes downstream [35]. Four major pretreatment processes that are applicable to individual process effluents or groups of effluents within a refinery are sour water stripping, spent caustics treatment, ballast water separation, and slop oil recovery. These are discussed below. 

Contaminated wastewater collection systems designed so that common contaminant streams can be segregated and treated in minor quantities for improved efficiencies and reduced treatment costs. 

The importance of this effort is illustrated in the following hypothetical example. A new therapy is under development that reduces the absolute risk of dying from a chronic disease by 50% as measured in a one-year trial. However, this therapy is not curative. A four-year trial was initiated at the same time as the one-year trial. The first-year results were the same in both the four-year trial and the one-year trial. However, there was an increased risk of death for treatment patients in the second and third year of the four-year trial, and by the end of the third year of the trial the survival rate was identical in the treatment and control arms of the four-year trial. While there was a clear benefit to the new therapy in terms of postponing events from the first year of treatment to later years, the economic assessment of the therapy would suggest a greatly reduced treatment benefit from the four-year trial as compared with the one-year trial. 

Separates mixed waste into radioactive and nonradioactive components, reducing treatment and disposal costs. 

Reduces treatment costs, since soils are treated on site. 

According to the vendor, the Geo-Cleanse process does not require capital investments, monthly operational fees, monthly maintenance fees, or local permits. The exclusion of these costs substantially reduces treatment costs (D12376C). 

Increases effective radius of treatment wells leading to fewer wells required. Increases permeability of soU reducing treatment time. 

Reduces treatment cost by treating contaminated material in situ. 

Does not require draining the aquifer, reducing treatment costs. 

System has the potential to drastically reduce treatment costs by reducing the duration of treatment and thereby reducing resultant life-cycle costs. 

Table IX shows the effect of dehydration by chemical means. Silica samples were calcined at 870°C in various gases, impregnated anhydrously with 0.5% Cr, and finally calcined in air at 650°C, producing Cr(VI). Only the silica (not the chromium) was exposed to the reducing treatment. Even so, CO more than doubled the melt index potential and COS improved it by a factor of 60. Activity was also increased.

Although much less effective, even nitrogen, which is also shown in Fig. 20, can be considered a reducing treatment. If one starts with a trivalent catalyst,... 

Wagner, J.R., Gueguen, J. 1995. Effects of dissociation, deamidation, and reducing treatment on structural and surface active properties of soy glycinine. J Agric Food Chem 42 1993-2000. 

Reduced treatment time for activated sludges from food processing wastes [63,111]... 

The direct electrochemical deposition methods for the preparation of electrocatalysts allow to localize the catalyst particles on the top surface of the carbon support, as close as possible to the solid polymer electrolyte and does not need heat (oxidative and/or reducing) treatment, as most of the chemical methods do, in order to clean the catalytic particles from surfactant contamination [27,28], This will prevent catalyst sintering due to the agglomeration of nanoparticles under thermal treatment. 

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