Inlet Manifold

Another characteristic similar to A/ 100 is the Distribution Octane Number (DON) proposed by Mobil Corporation and described in ASTM 2886. The idea is to measure the heaviest fractions of the fuel at the inlet manifold to the CFR engine. For this method the CFR has a cooled separation chamber placed between the carburetor and the inlet manifold. Some of the less volatile components are separated and collected in the chamber. This procedure is probably the most realistic but less discriminating than that of the AJ 100 likewise, it is now only of historical interest. 

Fig. 4. Schematic of a hemodialyzer. The design of a dialyzer is close to that of a sheU and tube heat exchanger. Blood enters through an inlet manifold, is distributed to a parallel bundle of fibers, and exits into a coUection manifold. Dialysate flows countercurrent in an external chamber the blood and dialysate are separated from the fibers by a polyurethane potting material. Housings are typically prepared from acrylate or polycarbonate. Production volume is...

The principal requirement of a sampling system is to obtain a sample that is representative of the atmosphere at a particular place and time and that can be evaluated as a mass or volume concentration. Remote monitoring techniques are discussed in Chapter 15. The sampling system should not alter the chemical or physical characteristics of the sample in an undesirable manner. The major components of most sampling systems are an inlet manifold, an air mover, a collection medium, and a flow measurement device. 

The air from the compressor enters the inlet manifold and is distributed through the first wicket set. A baffle in the inlet prevents the air flow from continuing beyond that wicket set. The air is then transferred to the return... 

Common air inlet manifold conducts air from turbochargers to each power cylinder. 

Assumes the pump features dual inlet connections and that an inlet manifold will be used. 

Figure 6.18d shows the appearance of liquid droplets or clusters of liquid droplets on the wall after the bubble venting. The pressure in the micro-channel decreases and water starts to move into it from the inlet manifold (Fig. 6.18e). Figure 6.18f shows the start of a new cycle. 

The pressure spike introduces a disruption in the flow. Depending on the local conditions, the excess pressure inside the bubble may overcome the inertia of the incoming liquid and the pressure in the inlet manifold, and cause a reverse flow of varying intensity depending on the local conditions. There are two ways to reduce the flow instabilities reduce the local liquid superheat at the ONB and introduce a pressure drop element at the entrance of each channel, Kandlikar (2006). Kakac and Bon (2008) reported that density-wave oscillations were observed also in conventional size channels. Introduction of additional pressure drop at the inlet (small diameter orifices were employed for this purpose) stabilized the system. 

When D < 1 (Tin C Ts) incipient boiling heat flux increases with increasing mass velocity. When D incipient boiling heat flux weakly depends on mass velocity. For micro-channels boiling incipient heat flux may weakly depend on inlet temperature. This case corresponds to flow boiling in parallel micro-channels, in which vapor penetrates the inlet manifold. 

Gas inlet manifold ECELL/specimen chamber Cell pumping... 

St. Louis Sample Collection. Ambient aerosols were collected in St. Louis in 6-h Intervals with a TWOMASS automated sequential tape sampler. This sampler fractionated the aerosol into two size classes, fine particles having aerodynamic diameters less than 3pm, and coarse particles with diameters greater than 3pm. It was equipped with a beta-attenuation mass monitor to determine fine-particle mass (11). Only the fine particle filter was examined in this study. Pallflex E70 glass-fiber filter tape with a detachable cellulose backing (Pallflex Inc. Putnam, CT) was used with this sampler. An aerosol sampler operating from the same inlet manifold as the... 

F/g 6.8 Nondimensional velocity, temperature, and density profiles for finite-gap stagnation flow at various values of the temperature difference between the inlet manifold and the stagnation surface. In all cases the inlet temperature is 7 n = 300 K, the Reynolds number is Re = 100, and the Prandtl number is Pr = 0.7. 

This behavior stems from the fact that there is an essentially inviscid region between the inlet manifold and viscous boundary layer near the surface. As the Reynolds number increases, the viscous layer becomes thinner. As the Reynolds number decreases below around 10, the viscous layer fills the entire gap. For sufficiently low Reynolds number, the fluid flow becomes negligible and the heat transfer is characterized by thermal conduction. In that limit, Nu = 1. 

This difference formula propagates axial-velocity u information from the lower boundary (e.g., stagnation surface) up toward the inlet-manifold boundary. At the stagnation surface, a boundary value of the axial velocity is known, u = 0. A dilemma occurs at the upper boundary, however. At the upper boundary, Eq. 6.106 can be evaluated to determine a value for the inlet velocity u j. However, in the finite-gap problem, the inlet velocity is specified as a boundary condition. In general, the velocity evaluated from the discrete continuity equation is not equal to the known boundary condition, which is a temporary contradiction. The dilemma must be resolved through the eigenvalue, which is coupled to the continuity equation through the V velocity and the radial-momentum equation. 

Here the subscript oo represents a reference property at the inlet condition, which may be at the inlet manifold or the far-held value for semi-infinite situations. The simple power-law dependence follows from kinetic theory. Typically the temperature dependence for polyatomic gases is n 0.645 (Section 3.3). 

The pressure-gradient term Ar requires either a further boundary condition or a determination of the domain size. In the semi-infinite cases, Ar is a constant that is specified in terms of the outer potential-flow characteristics. However, the extent of the domain end must be determined in such a way that the viscous boundary layer is entirely contained within the domain. In the finite-gap cases, the inlet velocity n(zend) is specified at a specified inlet position. Since the continuity equation is first order, another degree of freedom must be introduced to accommodate the two boundary conditions on u, namely u — 0 at the stagnation surface and u specified at the inlet manifold. The value of the constant Ar is taken as a variable (an eigenvalue) that must be determined in such a way that the two velocity boundary conditions for u are satisfied. 

In an ideal stagnation flow, a certain amount of the flow that enters through the inlet manifold can leave without entering the thermal or mass-transfer boundary layers above the surface. For an axisymmetric, finite-gap, flow, determine how the bypass fraction depends on the separation distance and the inlet velocity. 

---