Idea finding

The idea-finding stage of brainstorming, the heart of the process, began with the chair talking for several minutes. He reiterated the major assumptions of the method and focused on the delayed judgment principle and on 

The last remarks created the intended emotional response from the students, who nodded their heads and showed real engagement. The session began. 

The following is the record of the dialog that subsequently took place. It is based on the Author s recollection therefore it may not be exact, but it reflects well the nature of the session and its major findings. 

STUDENT NO. 2 But they represent progress they do not always kill, they kill only weak bodies. 

STUDENT NO. 3 We need to make them better or to introduce something to replace them. 

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Inorganic chemistry and ionic bonding Renaissance and after Both ideas find Both historical theories are... 

Nevertheless, a series of interesting issues arise, which must be resolved before these ideas find their way to full industrial implementation ... 

The process of continuous measurement and control is often referred to as a feedback system, and the cycle of measurement, comparison, and control is called a feedback loop. These ideas find wide application in biological and biomedical systems, mechanical systems, and electronics. From measuring and controlling the concentration of manganese in steel to maintaining the proper level of chlorine in a swimming pool, chemical analysis plays a central role in a broad range of systems. 

Short descriptions of all the ideas were prepared, and the idea-finding part of the brainstorming process ended with everybody congratulating the other participants on their success. 

In other experiments, a culture of C. reinhardtii was acclimated to even lower CO2 concentrations (<1-2 pM CO2). At this extremely low CO2 concentration the induction phase was slower (figure 2) compared to the acclimation to 10 pM, and terminated after 3-4 hours. This can either be explained by the fact that much less carbon is available to support reorganization of the cells and therefore the process becomes slower but it might also indicate that a different mechanism is induced. The latter idea finds some support from CO2 response curves (figure 3). 

There are very many applications of gamma-ray spectrometry. Having already discussed environmental measurements in Chapter 16, in this chapter I discuss a number which, to me, seem to be of particular interest. Each of them deserves a much broader treatment but time and space limit me to a general introduction. Each of them draws upon the principles developed in previous chapters, the idea being to illustrate how academic, and perhaps theoretical, ideas find their expression in practical uses. As it happens, the examples are related in the sense that in these applications gamma spectrometry could be said to help make ordinary life safer measurements in support of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) help to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons, waste monitoring helps to ensure that radioactive waste is disposed of properly and safeguards measurements make sure that nuclear material is properly accounted for. 

The basic idea is to extract firstly "sure" contours contour segment extremities are identified by studying the local neighbourhood of each pixel. The aim of closing contours algorithm is to find the best path between two points that are extremities of the gap to fulfil. 

The main application of the loop method is to analyze complex systems, that can support several low-lying conical intersections. The idea is to provide a simple systematic, not intuition dependent, method for finding the accessible conical intersections. 

The BDD approach has been applied in a number of studies that employ the parameters derived from the experimental findings [77-85]. The approach has been extended by Duxbury an co-workers, particularly Alijah in its present version, involving the new stretch-bender Hamiltonian [84,85], which follows the idea by HBl [60], it approaches the methods we tentatively call benchmark. ... 

The probability of finding a nucleic acid unit in the certain conformation according to our results is never equal to the unit. It agrees with the idea that NAs are not static but fluctuating, breathing , objects [23]. For example, in RNA molecule with 10 base pairs at the room temperature about 510 base pairs do not take part in the stacking and are not connected with H -bonds [2]. 

Whoever you are, you will certainly find discussion with your fellow students one way to get the most out of the programme and you may well find it is a good idea to work on the more difficult problems together. The review problems, revision problems, and problems without worked solutions are ideal for this. In some cases I have given references to the original hterature so that you can find out more details of the various possible approaches for yourself if you want to. It isn t necessary to look up any of these references as you work through the programme. 

Once basic requirements and secondary objectives have been established, the prospective purchaser will find it easier to discuss details with sales representatives. From the latter s viewpoint, it is easier to talk to a potential customer who knows what he needs from a mass spectrometer system rather than to a customer who has only a vague idea of what is required. In fact, an uninformed customer can end up purchasing an expensive instrument that is far too good for the analyses required or, at the other extreme, a cheap instrument that is inadequate for immediate needs, let alone ones that might arise in the near future. 

With these ideas in mind, we now turn to the question of evaluating the fraction of n-mers in a mixture as a function of p. The fraction of molecules of a particular type in a population is just another way of describing the probability of such a molecule. Hence our restated objective is to find the probability of an n-mer in terms of p. We symbolize this quantity P(n, p). Since the n-mer consists of n - 1 a s and 1 A, its probabiUty is the same as the probability of finding n - 1 a s and 1 A in the same molecule. Recalling from Chap. 1 how such probabilities are compounded, we write... 

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