New Ideas

There have been a number of new ideas about flame retardancy that are not yet fully developed. One approach is to enable plastics materials to change into ceramics when subjected to strong 

NEC has claimed an environmental breakthrough with a new flame-retarded polycarbonate based on recovered power station ash, which is said to bond strongly to the polymer. 

A UK inventor, Michael Keenan, has developed additives that are said to make PU foams resistant to a blow torch. The technology is being commercialised by Brandingplus Ltd. 

DuPont-Toray, Ichimura Sangyo and Takayasu in Japan have incorporated aramid fibres in polymers instead of conventional flame retardants, using a special blending method that gives a uniform dispersion. Advantages include better tracking resistance and lower specific gravity than many other flame retarded compositions. 

Hardison et al. [154] describe a process which uses a fluidized catalyst bed. The process is designed for operating temperatures between 560 K and 672 K. Expert- 

The schematic flow diagram of the system employed for hydrocarbon fume abatement is shown in Fig. 29. Operating characteristics of the system are GHSV 5000-10000, pressure drop 2500 Pa, mol ratio NHy NO,v 0.8-0.9, NHy and NO. 99% and 85%, respectively. 

Jiittner et al. [155] developed an electrochemical method for the simutaneous removal of SO2 and NO c- The process is shown schematically in Fig. 30. Flue gas is passed to an absorption column containing dithionite ions (8204 ). Dithionites are powerful reducing agents. The dithionite is oxidized to sulphite and NO is reduced to compounds such as NHJ, NH2HSO3, and NH2OH, while SO2, is not absorbed. Also, small amounts of N2O are formed. The solution is fed to the cathodic compartment of the electrochemical cell. 

The rest of the flue gas, including SO2, is passed to the anode compartment which contains PbO. SO2 is oxidized into 804 , which forms sulfuric acid. 

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Injection of produced water is not a new idea, but the technique has met resistance due to concerns about reservoir impairment (solids or oil in the water may block the reservoir pores and reducing permeability). However, as a field produces at increasingly high water cuts, the potential savings through reduced treatment costs compared with the consequences of impairment become more attractive. 

Since tire early days of tliis field, tire scientific and technological advances have been chasing each otlier. Advances in teclmology enabled implementation of new ideas, which in turn suggested new applications. In tire last 50 years tills process has resulted in a series of unprecedented advances tliat have transfonned our society. There is, as of yet, no sign of a slowdown. 

The history of tire diode laser illustrated in figure C2.16.11 shows tire interiDlay of basic device physics ideas and teclmology. A new idea often does not produce a better device right away. It requires a certain leap of faitli to see tire improvement potential. However, once tire belief exists, tire teclmology can be developed to demonstrate its validity. In tire case of diode lasers, tire better teclmology was invariably associated with improved epitaxial growtli. 

From time to time during the programme, 1 shall break off from introducing new ideas and help you consolidate what you ve aheady learnt with some review problems. These are meant to be realistic problems showing why synthesis is important and should let you try out your growing skills. You can either do the review problems as you meet them or come back later and use them as revision material or combine both methods by doing one or two now and the rest later. These remarks apply to all the review problems and 1 won t repeat them each time. 

We hope that our book will stimulate research in the field of unsaturated compounds and will give rise to new ideas. 

The so-called hyperbar vacuum filtration is a combination of vacuum and pressure filtration in a pull—push arrangement, whereby a vacuum pump of a fan generates vacuum downstream of the filter medium, while a compressor maintains higher-than-atmospheric pressure upstream. If, for example, the vacuum produced is 80 kPa, ie, absolute pressure of 20 kPa, and the absolute pressure before the filter is 150 kPa, the total pressure drop of 130 kPa is created across the filter medium. This is a new idea in principle but in practice requires three primary movers a Hquid pump to pump in the suspension, a vacuum pump to produce the vacuum, and a compressor to supply the compressed air. The cost of having to provide, install, and maintain one additional primary mover has deterred the development of hyperbar vacuum filtration only Andrit2 in Austria offers a system commercially. 

Trends. The parallel-computing marketplace is one of rapid change. New companies are developing computers based on new ideas, some... 

Another factor when taking on new staff must be their attitude to a changing technology. Advances are being made in the many aspects of engineering and application in refrigeration and air-conditioning. This situation requires adaptable personnel who are always ready to assimilate new ideas. 

General van Riper, during the time when he was Commanding General at the Marine Corps Concept Development Command at Quantico, VA, (1994-1996), approached CNA with an idea for a study that asked. What do all of these new ideas I ve been hearing about - nonlinearity, complexity, complex adaptive systems - have to do with combat Since many at CNA knew of my deep interest in the subject, I was soon asked to direct a project addressing this question a project that has since spawned a follow-on multi-year effort sponsored by the Office of Naval Research to develop an artificial-life model of combat. To say that Lt.Gen van Riper s appear-... 

The discovery of constitutive receptor activity uncovered a major new idea in receptor pharmacology namely, the concept of negative efficacy and inverse agonism. 

The examination of this idea has subsequently formed an integral part of my research in the philosophy of chemistry. This has also led to a certain amount of disagreement with other authors who appear to interpret Lowdin s remark in a somewhat different manner (Ostrovsky, 2001). I now deeply regret not having contacted Lowdin directly in order to seek his own clarification. In the present contribution I intend to revisit this question and to take the opportunity to respond to some critics as well as hopefully injecting some new ideas into the discussion. 

Bent, H. A. New Ideas in Chemistry from Fresh Energy for the Periodic Law AuthorHouse Bloomington, IN, 2006. 

It would be more acceptable for the design analysis to be based on methods developed specifically for the materials, but this action will require the designer of metals to accept new ideas. Obviously, this acceptance becomes easier to the degree that the new... 

The discovery of the metathesis reaction is also of importance from a theoretical and fundamental point of view, and has contributed to the development of new ideas about reactions of alkenes in the presence of transition metal compounds. 

Harrison DG, Bates JN (1993) The nitrovasodilators. New ideas about old drugs. Circulation 87 1461-1467... 

In general the relevance of predictions of structure-function relationships based on molecular modeling and structural bioinformatics are threefold. First they can be used to answer the question of which partners (proteins) could interact. Second, predictions generate new hypotheses about binding site, about molecular mechanisms of activation and interaction between two partners, and can lead to new ideas for pharmacological intervention. The third aim is to use the predictions for structure-based drug design. 

Clearly there are still many opportunities and challenges to be undertaken. It is hoped that this review may provide a useful background and provide stimulus for new ideas in the future. 

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