Ideas of reference

Delusions of grandeur ideas of reference (IOR) persecution, wealth, religion... 

Remarkably, however, economists can be found who reject the idea of reference pricing on two grounds (see, e.g., Danzon 2000 and 2001, and the series of essays in Lopez-Casasnovas and Jbnsson 2001). That opposition comes even from economists who favor the idea of defined contributions for health insurance (see, e.g., Danzon, coauthor in Pauly et al. 1991). 

Delusions may include ideas of references, beliefs of being persecuted, bodily changes, delusions of control, and a variety of other types of delusions. As far as... 

Misdiagnosis arises when undue emphasis is placed on symptoms such as ideas of reference Positive symptoms may occur and the onset is often rapid with relatively good premorbid functioning Distinctions such as mood congruency can be difficult to apply Negative symptoms may occur in depression... 

First phase (duration about one week) the patient tends to doze and sleep, even during daytime, and his drive is clearly reduced he has no initiative and appears lethargic and indifferent to his environment there is a certain detachment from worries and anxieties, also from those psychotic in nature, i.e. delusions, ideas of reference and paranoid hallucinatory experiences become less frequent. 

Haloperidol is the best-studied antipsychotic medication in children and adolescents with schizophrenia. In a double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled study, haloperidol (2 to 16 mg per day) and loxapine (10 to 200 mg per day) were equally effective and superior to placebo ( 168). This finding was replicated in a placebo-controlled, crossover study of haloperidol (doses of 0.5 to 3.5 mg per day or 0.02 to 0.12 mg/kg per day) in children 5.5 to 12 years of age ( 169). In this study, haloperidol was more effective than placebo in reducing ideas of reference, persecutory ideas, hallucinations, and thought disorder. 

Anxiety and panic attacks may be associated with high doses of cocaine. These effects may be associated with paranoid ideation, visual and tactile hallucinations (called formication) and visual pseudohallucinations (seeing snow lights). Ideas of reference, characteristic of stimulant psychosis, also occur. 

The deflationist would find some points objectionable, but the account can be easily adapted to her needs. The first point is that Step 2 accepts a substantial notion of truth for certain sentences. But this step may be reformulated in this way take the justification conditions of the reference-fixing sentences . In this way the notion of truth can be kept as a thin notion. The second point is that in the disquotation formulae of Step 3 the notion of truth shows up in the parentheses, so truth seems to play an explanatory role in the fixation of reference. A deflationist would refuse that truth can explain anything. Notice, however, that the disquotation formulae do their job even if the parentheses, in which truth is mentioned, are cut off. So the machinery works even if one does not accept a verificationist conception of truth for these sentences and refuses to attribute any role to truth in the determination of reference. If you wish, the internal realist has a choice to be deflationist about truth. Naturally, this does not mean that after these changes the deflationists will automatically subscribe to the present account. They may reject the idea of reference-fixing sentences, or they may reject that for these sentences truth coincides with justification, or they may favor an account of our linguistic ability that does not mention justification at all. 

A 35-year-old woman with no history of a psychiatric disorder was given bupropion 300 mg/day for smoking cessation (24). After 5 days she developed an acute paranoid state with ideas of reference and fixed convictions concerning her partner s fidelity. She was also irritable and slightly grandiose. Bupropion was withdrawn and she was given benzodiazepines. She recovered over the next 2 days. 

A 27-year-old US Marine developed a frank psychosis with ideas of reference and some paranoid ideation. He had been taking two preparations containing Ma huang, although the duration of use was unclear. 

These borderline patients chronically display odd thinking—ideas of reference, magical thinking, vagueness, very idiosyncratic beliefs—and periodically experience... 

In addition to acute effects, however, prolonged usage of amphetamines (and other psychostimulants) can produce an "amphetamine psychosis." This syndrome was first clearly documented by Connell (25) and is regarded as very similar to paranoid schizophrenia, characterized by "paranoid psychosis with ideas of reference, delusions of persecution, auditory and visual hallucinations in a setting of clear consciousness" (25). The psychosis clears quickly after the drug is withdrawn. Psychosis has been induced experimentally in normal subjects by continuous amphetamine administration (26). Amphetamine psychosis has... 

It is essential to differentiate between the delusions of reference so common in schizophrenic conditions and ideas of referetice as experienced in some of the personality disorders. In schizotypal personality disorder, social withdrawal from family and friends is common, accompanied by ideas of reference. An idea of reference is much more individualized than a delusion of reference. An idea of reference often refers to a specific individual, event, or item that can encompass magical thinking or involve a certain degree of exaggerated importance. An example of this is the client who believes she is so useless and worthless that a physician would come into her home and offer to assist in ending her life. Other areas of her life are not affected by such beliefs. This is very different from... 

Hallucinogens (eg, LSD, mescaline) Anxiety, ideas of reference, depersonalization, illusions, hallucinations, pupillary dilation, tremors, uncoordination None Partial agonist at post-synaptic 5-HT receptors Supportive counseling, talking down, antipsychotics or benzodiazepines Perceptual impairment, flashbacks, synesthesias (hearing a smell), convulsions... 

Manic-like Mood liability Depersonalization/de realization Formication Hallucinations (non-specific) Ideas of reference Impulsiveness Inappropriate sexual behavior... 

Whereas process intensification may aim at different objectives, these goals can generally be reformulated as productivity increase or equipment miniaturization. These two aspects are shown to converge towards one goal using the idea of reference time described above. Indeed, for batch and semi-batch processes, productivity increase is reached by reduction of the batch time or feed time. For continuous processes, miniaturization requires the volume reduction, but is also constrained by the fact that the production flow rate must be maintained. This constraint implies that the space time must be reduced. As a result, in all continuous and discontinuous cases, miniaturization and intensification both require to reduce the reference time t. 

Psychiatric A 43-year-old man with refractory epilepsy developed psychotic symptoms 7 days after starting lacosamide. Symptoms included persecutory delusions of being watched by cameras, ideas of reference, aggressiveness, self-injurious behavior, and hostile behavior [74 ]. While there are reports of psychosis wifh other AEDs, this is fhe first report with lacosamide. 

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