Development of idea

An alternative to patent protection for advances, developments, ideas, and appHcations is to treat such information as a trade secret. The protection of trade secrets reHes on the development of ideas, appHcations, and advances which are not found ia the pubHc domaia. Trade secrets, by defiaitioa, are kept ia coafideace by their owaer, dissemiaated only to those who accept an absolute obligation of confidentiaHty, and then only for purposes of which the trade secret owner knows and approves. 

The Hammett equation and LFER in general added no new concepts to the qualitative picture that had been built up of electronic effects in organic reactions, but they did provide a quantitative measure that had been lacking and that has been found very useful. Here we will describe the further development of ideas concerning the substituent constant. 

Discussion of acid-base equilibria may seem out of place in a chapter devoted to reactivity, but micellar effects upon indicator equilibria played a key role in the development of ideas regarding micellar effects upon reactivity, so a brief discussion is in order (Hartley, 1948, Fendler and Fendler, 1975). 

A time line for discoveries, development of ideas, and instrumentation essential for our present-day understanding of soil chemistry is given in Table 1.1. It is interesting to note that, in some cases, it took several years to develop ideas and instrumentation for studying specific components of soil, such as... 

TABLE 1.1. Time Line for the Development of Ideas and Instrumentation Essential to the Understanding of Soil Chemistry... 

Finean, J.B. (1972). The development of ideas of membrane structure. Sub-Cell. Biochem. 1, 363-373. 

T.H. Maren, The Development of Ideas Concerning the role of Carbonie Anhydrase in the Secretion of Aqueous Humor Relation to the Treatment of Glaueoma , in Glaucoma Applied Pharmacology in Medical Treatment,. S.M. Drance and A.H. Neufeld, eds., Grune and Stratton, Inc., Orlando, 1984, pp. 325-355. 

The development of ideas about why organisms evolved to make NPs... 

Ribonucleases are a widely distributed family of en-zymes that hydrolyze RNA by cutting the P—O ester bond attached to a ribose 5 carbon (fig. 8.12). A good representative of the family is the pancreatic enzyme ribonuclease A (RNase A), which is specific for a pyrimidine base (uracil or cytosine) on the 3 side of the phosphate bond that is cleaved. When the amino acid sequence of bovine RNase A was determined in 1960 by Stanford Moore and William Stein, it was the first enzyme and only the second protein to be sequenced. RNase A thus played an important role in the development of ideas about enzymatic catalysis. It was one of the first enzymes to have its three-dimensional structure elucidated by x-ray diffraction and was also the first to be synthesized completely from its amino acids. The synthetic protein proved to be enzymatically indistinguishable from the native enzyme. 

Since the early days of organic chemistry, nitration has been considered to be an important reaction and has been widely used. As early as 1825 Faraday discovered benzene and recorded its reaction with nitric acid. Shortly after, the use of nitric acid sulfuric acid mixtures to effect nitration was reported and was soon quoted in a patent. Nitration figured prominently in the development of ideas of theoretical organic chemistry in the early part of the twentieth century and, as the most widely applicable and most widely used example of electrophilic substitution, it played an important role in the consideration of aromatic stability and reactivity. In 1910 the first report of orientation and deactivation in aromatic electrophilic substitution was published (10MI1). 

C. S. Smith, The development of ideas on the structure of metals, in M. Clagett (ed.), Critical Problems in the History of Science (Madison University of Wisconsin Press, 1959), 467-498 C. S. Smith, Four outstanding researches in metallurgical history, American Society for Testing and Materials (1963) 1-35, on 11-14. 

Don t get put off by the third requirement. Scorers know you have just 25 minutes to write your essay, so they don t expect perfect grammar and punctuation (although it certainly won t hurt ). They will look for word choices that reflect a strong vocabulary (avoid cliches and slang), variety in sentence structure, and logical development of ideas. We ll go into greater detail about essay specifics in Chapter 3. 

In addition, there will be six new types of questions to expect, including those about effective paragraphing, organization of ideas, transitions, cohesion, development of ideas, and style. 

As emphasised recently by Hegarty and Jencks (1975), the interpretation of the third-order terms, kAp HAi[HAj][Af], in the rate law for acetone enolisation (4) has been the subject of much controversy and has played an important role in the development of ideas on the mechanism of acid-base catalysis in solution and at the active sites of enzymes . The problem has been not only to interpret this term, which can be accounted for by a concerted mechanism (17), but also to examine whether this mechanism, with H20 acting as an acid or a base, is valid for interpreting the other terms fcHA,[HAj] and fcA,lAj ]. 

Correns (1969) has given a vivid description of the development of ideas concerning the elemental composition of the earth s crust and the discovery of the elements. Only 150 years ago (1821), the term chemistry of the earth was used by Berzelius, as synonymous with the term mineralogy . In the middle of the last century (1845 — 1854), G. Bischof published his three-volume work Lehrbuch der chemischen und physikalischen Geologie . Chemists (like Bunsen) and earth scientists became aware of the potential of a chemical approach to the problems of earth and hydrosphere. Clarke published the first edition of his Data of Geochemistry in 1908 and the fifth edition (1924) remained a standard reference for many years. Vernadsky (1863—... 

In Chapter 6,1 examine other nineteenth-century accounts of the development of ideas about heat that performed very similar elisions and attributed knowledge of thermal laws to Watt in a way that encouraged the reader to consider Watt a modern . 

A quarter of a century has passed since the first contribution on catalase to The Enzymes Enzyme substrate compounds Mechanism of action of hydroperoxidases (I). In this perspective, we can identify a sequence of steps in the development of ideas on the mechanism of enzymic action and the nature of enzyme-substrate compounds. The identification of these compounds and the approach to enzymic reactions at concentrations stoichiometric with the substrate caused a principal transition of viewpoint on hemoprotein catalysis from free radical mechanisms (2) unrelated to an active center toward the acceptance of catalysis occurring at the iron atom of the porphyrin (S-5). The latter concept followed natu-... 

However, before mathematical methods could be employed in chemistry, the latter had to reach sufficient theoretical maturity. Thus, the graph theory and some other divisions of discrete mathematics could be applied to the solution of chemical problems only after the chemical structure theory had emerged. In the next section we shall briefly discuss some important landmarks in the development of ideas concerning the structure of chemical compounds. 

The history of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy or XPS is closely linked with the development of ideas on the structure of the atom. The discovery of the photoelectric effect by Hertz in 1887 showed that electrons could be separated from their constituent atoms under the effect of electromagnetic rays. 

---