IBM-PC computer

The experiments were carried out in random order and the responses analyzed with the program X-STAT(11) which runs on an IBM PC computer. The model was the standard quadratic polynomial, and the coefficients were determined by a linear least-squares regression. 

If the laboratory worker does not know of a reference to the preparation of a commercially available substance, he may be able to make a reasonable guess at the synthetic method used from published laboratory syntheses. This information, in turn, can simplify the necessary purification steps by suggesting probable contaminants. However, for other than macromolecules it is important that at least the NMR and IR spectra of the substance be measured. These measurements require no more than two to three milligrams (which are recoverable) of material and provides a considerable amount of information about the substance. Three volumes on the NMR spectra [C.J.Pouchert and J.Behnke, The Aldrich Library of C and FT-NMR Spectra, Vols 1—3, Aldrich Chemical Co., Inc, Milwaukee, Wl, 1993], and one on the infrared spectra [C.J.Pouchert, The Aldrich Library of FT-IR Spectra, 3nd ed, Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wl, 7959], as well as computer software [FT-IR Peak-search Data Base and Software, for Apple HE, IIC and II Plus computers and for IBM PC computers, Nicholet Instruments, Madison, Wl, 1984] contain data for all the compounds in the Aldrich catalogue and are extremely useful for identifying compounds and impurities. If the material appears to have several impurities these spectra should be followed by examination of their chromatographic properties and spot tests. Purification methods can then be devised to remove these impurities, and a monitoring method will have already been established. 

Construction of Apparatus. The schematic of the apparatus for supercritical corrosion studies is shown in Figure 1. The important components include a type 396-89 Simplex Minipump which can accurately meter (between 46 and 460 ml/hr) a wide variety of solvents at pressures up to 6000 psi (about 400 atm) an EG G Model 362 Scanning Potentiostat the electrochemical cell an IBM PC computer with interface hardware for electrochemical potential and current, temperature, and pressure measurement and control and a 316 stainless steel reactor, which holds the supercritical fluid for the measurements. The alloy was selected for excellent corrosion resistance properties and relatively low cost when compared with other exotic alloys such as Hastelloy C. 

A diagram of the experimental apparatus is provided in Figure 1. The Perkin-Elmer GC was equipped with a single flame ionization detector and was capable of operating at temperatures below 450°C. The injector was a computer controlled Carle gas sampling valve in a thermostated box. Flow control was provided by two flow controllers the first with a 0 to 5 mL/min element and the second with a 0 to 60 mL/min element. The second controller was connected to the injector through a computer-controlled solenoid. All facets of the experiment were controlled and the data analyzed, using an IBM PC computer. 

The chromatography data station transmits results to an IBM PC computer via RS 232 communications for the purpose of data storage and evaluation. 

In the area of computer hardware and operating systems the chemical/pharmaceutical industry increased its use of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX computers with the VMS operating system, increased its use of IBM PC computers, and began to talk about more exotic workstations and parallel processors. 

In 1982, Motorola marketed another chip, the 68008, which was a stripped down version of the 68000 for low-end, low-cost products. The 68008 only had the capability to address 4 megabytes of memory, and its data bus was only 8-b wide. It was never very popular and certainly did not compete well with the 8088 by Intel (which was chosen for the IBM PC computers). 

ISI is available in hard copy and electronically at EPA s headquarters and regional Hbraries, and through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). The electronic form may be installed on IBM PC-compatible computers or placed on local area networks, and mn under Microsoft WINDOWS or WordPerfect s Library program. The Macintosh version is no longer available. The 1993 update will include the ISI hardcopy, PC disks, and the PC system user manual. EPA also pubHshes ACCESS EPA, which provides sources of information, databases, and pubHcations within the EPA. Chapter 5 of that pubhcation includes important environmental databases in air and soHd waste, pesticides and toxic substances, water, and cross-program (110). EPA also provides databases accessible through EPA Hbraries, which describe the private EPA and commercial databases available to Hbrary users (111). 

Computer platforms where 1 represents IBM PCs and compatibles, 386 or better 2, Unix-based work stations (or equivalent) including HP/ApoUo, SUN, and IBM RS6000 3, DEC VMS 4, IBM mainframe, MVS or VM, or compatible and 5, others including Cray, Data Gen., etc. 

The Third Edition was prepared on an IBM-PC and the previous IBM files were converted into Macintosh files. These have now been reformatted on a Macintosh LC575 computer and all further data to complete the Fourth Edition were added to these files. The text was printed with a Hewlett-Packard 4MV -600dpi Laser Jet printer which gives a clearer resolution. 

SCREEN will run on an IBM-PC compatible personal computer with at least 2S6K of RAM. The program will run with or without a math coprocessor chip. Execution time will be greatly enhanced with a math coprocessor chip present (about a factor of S in computer time) and will also benefit from the use of a hard disk drive. 

The first system designed to perform these basics was developed in 1989 [2]. In early 1990, a first version of 5000 entries was made available to the scientific community on an IBM PC DOS-based program ChemBase. Now, some 10 years later, the database has increased to several tens of thousands of entries, and the entire system can be searched with the powerful ISIS software [3] as rapidly as it was searched on the old computer systems. 

The Atari ST was chosen because it has a high performance graphics engine, an advanced operating system, and a large amount of easily accessible memory. These features make it an excellent value for the money. The IBM PC may be the computer of choice for business packages, but it has less technical and cost justification when used to run custom software. 

The pre-gel model calculates the weight average molecular weight of the reaction mixture, while the post-gel model calculates the weight of the sol fraction and the effective crosslink density. A simple computer program using the derived expressions has been written in BASIC and runs on IBM-PC compatible computers. The importance of secondary reactions on cure in typical coatings is discussed. 

Chiron provides a microwell plate heater, a luminometer, and data management software. The plate heater is specially designed to provide precise control of the hybridization temperature (0 0.5°C) and to distribute heat evenly throughout the microwell plate. The luminometer maintains a temperature of 37°C and accommodates the 96-well plates. The data management software runs on an IBM PC or compatible computer with a minimum of 80386,16-Mhz microprocessor, 2 Mb of RAM, monitor, mouse, compatible printer, MS DOS (version 5.0 or greater), and Windows (version 3.1 or greater). 

FIA star 5010 Modular, semi- or fully automatic operation. May be operated with process controller microprocessor. Can be set up in various combinations with 5017 sampler and superflow software which is designed to run on IBM PC/XT computer 60-180 samples h Dialysis for in-line sample preparation and in-line solvent extraction.Thermostat to speed up reactions. Spectrophotometer (400-700nm) or photometer can be connected to any flow through detector, e.g. UV/visible, inductively coupled plasma, atomic absorption spectrometer and ion-selective electrodes... 

THERM Thermodynamic Property Estimation for Radicals and Molecules, Edward R. Ritter and Joseph Bozzelli, Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 23, 767-778, (1991). A computer program for IBM PC and compatibles for estimating, editing, and entering thermodynamic property data for gas-phase radicals and molecules using Benson s group additivity method. 

NIST Chemical Kinetics Database, Mallard, N. G Westley, F Herron, J. T Hampson, R. F. and Frizzell, D. H. NIST, NIST Standard Reference Data, Gaithersburg, MD, 1993. A computer program for IBM PC and compatibles for reviewing kinetic data by reactant, product, author, and citation searches and for comparing existing data with newly evaluated data. 

STANJAN The Element Potential Method for Chemical Equilibrium Analysis Implementation in the Interactive Program STANJAN, W.C. Reynolds, Thermosciences Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1986. A computer program for IBM PC and compatibles for making chemical equilibrium calculations in an interactive environment. The equilibrium calculations use a version of the method of element potentials in which exact equations for the gas-phase mole fractions are derived in terms of Lagrange multipliers associated with the atomic constraints. The Lagrange multipliers (the element potentials ) and the total number of moles are adjusted to meet the constraints and to render the sum of mole fractions unity. If condensed phases are present, their populations also are adjusted to achieve phase equilibrium. However, the condensed-phase species need not be present in the gas-phase, and this enables the method to deal with problems in which the gas-phase mole fraction of a condensed-phase species is extremely low, as with the formation of carbon particulates. 

This appendix contains some of the data generated for the SIMCA and PLS analyses. The complete data set is available from the authors. Upon request the data will be provided on 8 single density single sided floppy disks in IBM 3740 format for CP/M based systems or on 5 1/4 double sided double density floppy disk for the IBM/PC or other MS/DOS based computers. The requestor, however, must supply a properly formated floppy disk. 

The program CHAOS has been mainly developed as a didactic tool i.e., as a heuristic aid for designing organic syntheses in such a manner that the student may use it, at his own pace, at different levels following the heuristic principles and methodologies developed in the present book. Two versions of CHAOS, one for IBM PCs (or "fully compatible" PCs) with Windows 3.1 or later, and another one for Macintosh computers are available. A summary of some of the main improvements of the present versions follows ... 

CHAOSBASE. A program for introducing new disconnections to CHAOS The CHAOSBASE program, like CHAOS, is offered in two versions one for IBM PCs (or fully compatible PCs) with Windows , and another for Macintosh computers. CHAOSBASE allows to create transforms that can be subsequently used by CHAOS. Thus, the user can dispose of disconnections considered necessary, and that CHAOS does not perform. 

Portability. RuleMaster is written in the C language, making it portable to a wide range of micro- and mini-computers with the UNIX, VMS, or PC-DOS operating systems. By late 1985 RuleMaster had been installed on more than twenty brands of computers, ranging in size from IBM PCs to large mini-computers. 

TTiese include an IBM PC/AT computer that functions in conjunction with a Zymate System V Controller located beneath the table top. Other devices located on this table include an autotitrator with solvent/titrant reservoirs, a pneumatic solvent switching valve, a metering pump, and a Zymark Power and Event Controller (PEC). A bar code printer provides labels for sample vials, and a printer is used for hard copy report generation. The devices mounted on the robot table (approximately 90x 1 SO cm) are listed in Table 6.S. 

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