DNA molecules using

Garon, C. F. and Peterson, L. L., An improved method for the isolation of supercoiled DNA molecules using ion-exchange column chromatography, Gene Anal. Technol., 4, 5, 1987. 

Generating a RECOMBINANT-DNA molecule using restriction enzymes to generate ends that can be joined in a specific fashion. 

Vector is the DNA molecule used to introduce foreign DNA into host cells. 

Bustamante, C. (1991) Direct observation and manipulation of single DNA molecules using fluorescence microscopy. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem., 20, 415—446. 

Oana, H., Ueda, M. and Washizu, M. (1999) Visualization of specific sequence on a single large DNA molecule using fluorescence microscopy based on a new DNA-stretehing method. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 265, 140-143. 

Namasivayam, V., Larson, R.G., Burke, D.T., Burns, M.A., Electrostretching DNA molecules using polymer-enhanced media within microfabricated devices. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74(14), 3378-3385. 

A membrane for a DNA-probe of a microelectronic biosensor based on Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) diacetylene film with covalently bonded DNA has been developed [86]. Diacetylene films formed on the surface of oxidized silicon by the LB method were used for covalent immobilization of DNA molecules, using the standard W./V -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide... 

To resolve a range of DNA molecules using horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide as fluorescent indicator. 

The replication process must occur at extremely high speed, since E. coli can divide every 20 minutes under optimal conditions. This requires the replication of at least 133,000 base pairs (133 kbases) or 50 un DNA per min. DNA replication in eukaryotes occurs much more slowly. The process is catalyst by DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) which joins the four 5 -nu-cleoside triphosphates into the linear DNA molecule, using a sin e-stranded DNA as a template. Each nucleotide loses a pyrophosphate group (PPj), and the energy stored in these bonds drives the reaction. 

Fig. 5.9 AFM images of highly ordered assemblies of AN-AuNPs on DNA molecules using (a) method I and (b) method II. Image sizes are I t,m x 1 (jim. The height scede is 5 nm. (c) Scan profile along the white line of the image (b). (d) Scan profile along particles line from I to II in image (b). Reprinted with permission fix>m [95], Copyright (2010) by the American Chemical Society...

Chen, C.-R, Ganguly, A., Wang, C.-H. et al. (2009) Label-free dual sensing of DNA molecules using GaN nanowires. Anal. Chem., 81 (1), 36-42. 

Shevchuk NA, Bryksin AV, Nusinovich YA Cabello EC, Sutherland, M and Ladisch S (2004) Construction of long DNA molecules using long PCR-based fusion of several fi ag-ments simultaneously. Nucleic Acids Res 32 el9. 

REPLICATION, DNA The process of assembling a new DNA molecule using the original DNA molecule as a template. 

McNally, B. Wanunu, M. Meller, A. Electromechanical unzipping of individual DNA molecules using synthetic sub-2 nm pores. Nano Lett 2008, 8, 3418-3422. 

The dynamic behavior of polymer chains at interfaces is poorly understood. Most significant experiments on the molecular scale were performed on DNA molecules using fluorescence miaoscopy. However, the applicability of optical techniques is limited due to low spatial resolution. In this respect, AFM is an appropriate technique that can potentially provide real-space and real-time information about translational, rotational, and bending motions of molecules on the nanometer length scales. Currently, AFM makes first steps in monitoring of molecular processes, such as diffusion, conformational transitions, chemical reactions, and self-assembly. 

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