Steel reactor, stainless

In a typical adiabatic polymerization, approximately 20 wt % aqueous acrylamide is charged into a stainless steel reactor equipped with agitation, condenser, and cooling jacket or coils. To initiate the polymerization, an aqueous solution of sodium bisulfite [7631-90-5] is added, followed by the addition of a solution of ammonium persulfate [7727-54-0] N2HgS20g. As the polymerization proceeds, the temperature rises to about 90°C, and then begins to fall at the end of the polymerization. The molecular weight obtained depends primarily on the initiator concentration employed. 

For the production of tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate [28300-74-5]), potassium bitartrate [868-14 ] and antimony oxide, Sb202, are added simultaneously to water in a stainless-steel reactor. The reaction mixture is diluted, filtered, and collected in jacketed granulators where crystallization takes place after cooling. Centrihiging, washing, and drying complete the process. 

An example of what can happen in a production situation is provided in Fig. 1. This photo shows the devastation resulting from a phenol-formaldehyde reactor explosion that occurred at the Borden Chemical plant in Demopolis, Alabama on June 28, 1974. In this explosion, the stainless steel reactor was blown to bits. The reactor operators control room was obliterated. Two people were killed and several others were injured. All nearby property was demolished and windows were broken in homes for a distance of five miles from the plant. 

The reaction was carried out in a passivated Teflon-stainless steel reactor at 150°C for 1 hour, and the yield was >40%. Fluorine pressures of more than 1 atm were generated in this way. 

Explosive Properties. It undergoes an expl reaction with H2, but concn and temp limits of the expin were not reproducible in Pyrex or stainless steel reactors, probably due to the presence or absence of Initiating radicals on the walls. The results became more reproducible after the walls were coated with silicone oil. Addn of tetrafluorohydrazine to H2/difluoramine or H2/N trifluoride mixts caused immediate explns (Ref 9). It also can expld on contact with reducing agents or from high press produced by shock wave or blast (Ref 11)... 

To a stainless steel reactor equipped with a heating mantle, a charging port, a condenser for removing ethylene glycol, an inert gas inlet, and a sampling valve were added 400 g of bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate, 136 g of ethylene glycol, and 0.035 g (or 0.225 g) of sodium acetate trihydrate. The temperature was raised to between 190 and 200°C in 1 h and then 454 g of waste polyester... 

In a typical reactor, 180 g of chipped carpet extrudate was charged to a 43 x 1 -in.-diameter stainless steel reactor while the reactor was purged with nitrogen. Analysis of the extrudate indicated a 57.6% nylon content. The system was sealed... 

The polymerizations were conducted in a 20-liter stainless steel reactor with a pitched-blade turbine agitator and four side-wall baffles. The monomer was polymerized at the same temperature, initiator and monomer concentration in two different inert diluents. The data (Figure 6) illustrate the substantial lowering of the overall heat transfer coefficient for the system with the more highly swollen particles. 

Photocatalytic oxidation tests were performed in a photoreactor [2]. The flat, rectangular stainless steel reactor has dimensions of 578 mm x 113 mm and inlet/outlet ports at the two ends. The aerogel catalyst placed in a recess located at the center of the reactor was uniformly irradiated by... 

Two types of reactors were used One was a CSTR type consisting of an Y2O3 (8mol%)-stabilized Z1O2 (YSZ) tube (length 15 cm, diameter 2 cm) closed flat at one end with an appropriately machined water-cooled stainless steel reactor cap attached to the other end, thus allowing for continuous gas feed and... 

Platelet/housing material Silver/stainless steel Reactor cube dimensions 10 mm X 10 mm x 10 mm... 

Rhodium and platinum metals can be more conveniently vaporized with electron-beam vaporization source, in a stainless steel reactor, starting from metal powders deposited into a graphite crucible. 

Jacketed tank reactors, mainly stainless steel reactors and glass-lined reactors equipped with a stirrer, predominate in plants for the manufacture of fine chemicals. Glass-lined reactors are in common use although they are by 30-50 % more expensive than stainless steel reactors. This is because of the high chemical resistance of enamels towards typical chemical media and the much lower possibility of contamination of products with heavy metals, which should not be... 

The reactor contribution depends on the reactor size and material of construction. Glass-lined reactors are about 40-50 % more costly than the stainless steel reactors. The total investment costs also depend upon the equipment size, as illustrated by Fig. 7.3-1. 

Alkylation of benzene with propylene was carried out with the acid zeolites, pelletized, crushed, and sieved at 0.25-0.42 mm diameter. The reaction was performed in an automated high pressure stainless steel reactor, at 3.5 MPa, temperatures ranging from 125 to 200°C, WF1SV from 12 to 18 h"1 referred to the olefin, and benzene to propylene (B/P) molar ratio of 3.5. More details can be found in [7]. 

The transformation of n-Ci6, (Aldrich, > 99.9 % purity) was carried out in a fixed bed stainless steel reactor under the following conditions temperature = 220°C, total pressure = 30 bar, H2/n-alkane molar ratio = 20, WHSV (weight hourly space velocity) = 2-100 h 1. WHSV was changed by modifying the catalyst weight and/or the flow rates in order to obtain different conversion values. Before use, the catalysts were reduced in-situ under hydrogen flow at 450°C during 6h. 

The reactions with ruthenium carbonyl catalysts were carried out in pressurized stainless steel reactors glass liners had little effect on the activity. When trimethylamine is used as base, Ru3(CO) 2> H Ru4(CO) 2 an< H2Ru4(CO)i3 lead to nearly identical activities if the rate is normalized to the solution concentration of ruthenium. These results suggest that the same active species is formed under operating conditions from each of these catalyst precursors. The ambient pressure infrared spectrum of a typical catalyst solution (prepared from Ru3(CO)i2> trimethylamine, water, and tetrahydrofuran and sampled from the reactor) is relatively simple (vq q 2080(w), 2020(s), 1997(s), 1965(sh) and 1958(m) cm ). However, the spectrum depends on the concentration of ruthenium in solution. The use of Na2C(>3 as base leads to comparable spectra. 

The reactor assembly was heated by electric heaters. The maximum operating temperature Is determined by the window construction. Sapphire windows (from EIMAC), brazed into Kovar sleeves, were used the sleeves were then welded directly into the stainless steel reactor housing. We found that the cell so constructed was capable of trouble-free, continuous operation at 450°C operations at somewhat higher temperatures are probably still possible but were not explored. Sapphire was chosen as a window material because it is insensitive to water vapor and is transparent in tljie wave number range of our interest (about 2400 cm to 2000 cm in these experiments). Moreover, the thermal expansion characteristics of the reactor were found to match well with those of the window fixture. 

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