IBM 370 computer

Ceramic boards are currently widely used in high-performance electronic modules as interconnection substrates. They are processed from conventional ceramic precursors and refractory metal precursors and are subsequently fired to the final shape. This is largely an art a much better fundamental understanding of the materials and chemical processes will be required if low-cost, high-yield production is to be realized (see Chapter 5). A good example of ceramic interconnection boards are the multilayer ceramic (MLC) stractures used in large IBM computers (Figure 4.11). These boards measure up to 100 cm in area and contain up to 33 layers. They can interconnect as many as 133 chips. Their fabrication involves hundreds of complex chemical processes that must be precisely controlled. 

The autosampler system is controlled by an IBM computer system, as is the series of pumps for the cell and the sample wash pot. An Archer single board computer (Sherwood Data System) programmed via ASCII strings along an RS232 interface, controls the pumps and the autosampler, setting up a stable representative sample which is then measured by using the standard Solomat software and hardware. 

It was of the same construction as the "ballistic computer d) "Computer Mark I invented before 1944 by Howard Aiken, using a number of IBM computing elements ... 

Once the paste is packed into the electrode body, the surface is polished on some mild abrasive such as an index card (historically an IBM computer card). Provided the face of the electrode holder is initially smooth, very reproducible electrode areas (less than 5% variation) and reactivities are attained. In fact, a major motivation for developing carbon paste electrodes was the ease of surface renewal and reproducibility. 

ALGOL-60, an international algorithmic language, was developed with logical completeness by Wirth62 and Backus, but did not "catch on," except among minor non-IBM computer manufacturers, and ultimately disappeared. 

The following protocol explains the application of the Lasergene and RasMol software in the Macintosh format. If you are using IBM computers, this protocol must be modified for use in the IBM format. A Lasergene User s Guide can be obtained from DNASTAR, Inc. RasMol software compatible for IBM computers can be installed after accessing the RasMol home page. 

Akinfiev N. N. (1976) Balance IBM computer code for calculating mineral aqueous solution-gas equilibria. Geochemistry 6, 882-890 (in Russian). 

ROM ROM stands for read-only memory. It is called read-only because it can t be written to. Once the information has been written to the ROM, it can t be changed. ROM is normally used to store the computer s BIOS, because this information normally does not change. The system ROM in the original IBM PC contained the Power-On Self Test (POST), basic input-output system (BIOS), and cassette BASIC. Later IBM computers and compatibles include everything but the cassette BASIC. The system ROM enables the computer to pull itself up by its bootstraps, or boot (start the operating system). 

Analyses were done with a Molecular Devices microtiterplate reader interfaced to an IBM computer with Softmax software(Molecular Devices). Either the rate of color change (mOD/min) at 450 nm was recorded using the kinetic format or the final optical density (OD) was measured by difference of readings at 490 and 650 nm. 

Today we are running SECS on our corporate IBM computer, with the program accessed by four graphics terminals in three research laboratories (Rahway, New Jersey, West Point, Pennsylvania and Montreal, Canada). About 60 chemists have been checked out on running SECS analyses, and the program is... 

Detailed instructions for this modification to the operating system were already available to us through purchase of the PLOT-10 Terminal Control System software from Tektronix, Inc., for support of Tektronix 4010 series terminals on IBM computers. 

IBM computers were in the 1950s the first to be applied extensively to chemical calculations. The new chemists became quantum chemists, and the keyboard replaced the test tube. By using, as then, relatively slow machines, a famous quantum chemist, Samuel F. Boys (1911-1972), stated It has been established that the only factor limiting calculation. .. is the amount of computing necessary. ... 

The hardware needed to communicate with the EBB is unsophisticated. Most schools already have a computer that can communicate with a host through a modem. The EBB server is a Macintosh, and thus a Macintosh at the school is ideal since detailed graphics can be downloaded and printed. The EBB can communicate with IBM computers or clones, Apple II machines, and others, since most of these... 

For a synthesizer, we are reimplementing the Simulation and Evaluation of Chemical Synthesis (SECS) program on our IBM computer in collaboration with Professor Wipke, Once the program is running at Merck, we will instruct the chemists in program operation, and then ask them to code and test transforms. 

While visiting Harvard in the spring of 1959,1 talked with Roald Hoffmann about programming extended Hiickel theory for the new IBM computer which I influenced Harvard to obtain. It was only after he spent a year in Moscow that he returned to start the molecular orbital work which was first successfully used on the polyhedral borane anions, and now has been applied to many parts of the periodical table, including (years later) tests during the development of the... 

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