Computer platforms

Many of the topics covered in analytical chemistry benefit from the availability of appropriate computer software. In preparing this text, however, I made a conscious decision to avoid a presentation tied to a single computer platform or software package. Students and faculty are increasingly experienced in the use of computers, spreadsheets, and data analysis software their use is, I think, best left to the personal choice of each student and instructor. 

Image Files. Only the physical problem of moving or storing files has been discussed herein. The format in which the data is actually stored or transmitted is another part of the process. There are a number of file formats, many of which are proprietary, developed to suit the needs of a particular computer platform or software appHcation. There has been some effort to standardize to a few file types, but many others are in use. A thorough discussion of graphics file formats is available (20). 

Computer platforms where 1 represents IBM PCs and compatibles, 386 or better 2, Unix-based work stations (or equivalent) including HP/ApoUo, SUN, and IBM RS6000 3, DEC VMS 4, IBM mainframe, MVS or VM, or compatible and 5, others including Cray, Data Gen., etc. 

The DS team uncovered four additional sets of documentation systems when they conducted their detailed search of programs and elements. Each documentation system had its own set of standards for recording information, distribution, review and approval and for archiving. Furthermore, the incompatibilities of the various electronic systems were exacerbated by the lack of a corporate hierarchy on preferred computer platforms. 

About three-quarters of the 48 companies were using a VAX 11/780, 785, or 730 as their primary computing platform. The IBM 3033, 3083, 4341, etc. were being used for molecular modeling at about a third of the companies. (The percentages add up to more than 100% because larger companies had several types of machines.) The most commonly used graphics terminal was... 

PDF is a file format that represents a document in a manner independent of the hardware, operating system, and the application software used to create the document. PDF was developed to allow documents to be transferred and shared across computer platforms. This capability allows one to construct a single document under one common format from many different applications. 

Adobe Acrobat Reader is software that permits users to view, navigate, search, and print Adobe PDF tiles on major computer platforms. The software is free and available from Adobe Systems Web site. Although useful, the Reader does not support all the functionality that OPP s reviewers require. For the pilots, OPP purchased Adobe Acrobat, Version 4.0, to support the review of studies submitted as PDF files. Adobe Acrobat permits review, mark-up, annotation, and extraction of text and tables for editing or other manipulations, in addition to basic viewing, navigation, and printing capabilities. 

Using particle partitioning, particle codes exhibit excellent scalability on distributed computing platforms (i.e., cluster computers). However, with complex chemistry, care must be taken when implementing chemical lookup tables to avoid scale-up bottlenecks. 

H. Schmidt and M. Jirstrand, Systems biology toolbox for Matlab A computational platform for research in systems biology. Bioinformatics 22(4), 514 515 (2006). 

The most widely used package for doing alignments Clustal W (Thompson et al., 1994), which is freely available for all computer platforms, is... 

Unix workstation platform user, visualizes results that can be displayed across many computer platforms including Macintosh and Windows. 

Although the best source of AH is certainly experimental measurement, this is often unavailable for a species of interest. The standard-state heat of formation is sometimes available from theory. The wide availability of powerful computing platforms has made calculation of thermochemical properties from first-principles practical in many cases. 

Many government and commercial impairment testing systems can be implemented on standard commercially available personal computer platforms (e.g., PC, Macintosh). Despite software and hardware advancements that have minimized the differences across platforms, it is still important to consider carefully the hardware and software requirements needed to support a system, as these specifications may have important implications for the accuracy of stimulus presentation and the precision of performance measures. In addition, there may be differential costs associated with the hardware and software specifications. The speed of the computer processor is one important specification that requires careful consideration. Other concerns include the amount of memory that is needed to present the test and record the results, the manner in which the data are to be stored, the size and portability of the computer, and the video-display requirements. Some systems... 

Hardware components (the computer platform and any equipment that interfaces to... 

INPUT Qp Replace as necessary depending on the computing platform... 

GeneGo s Systems Reconstruction technology connects OMICs and other experimental data to underlying cellular pathways in a way that allows biologists to link a particular disease condition with individual variations in sequence, gene and protein expression levels, proteomics content and metabolite composition. This technology has been implemented into a proprietary computational platform of content databases, analytical tools and algorithms. 

A solution to avoid all the pain of machine-language or assembler is a series of high-level languages, a "compiler," which translates, much as a dictionary would, these instructions into machine code, and a "linker," which connects parts of the task with each other, with "library" routines such as sin(x), cos(x), random(x), and so on, and with input/output (I/O) calls, to create an executable program. The compilers should allow the same "source" code to be compiled, with minor modifications, on any computer "platform" that supports a compiler for that language. 

Nonlinear dynamic simulations of plantwide systems can be performed using a variety of software packages and computer platforms. We can write our own program to integrate numerically the differential equations describing the system. We also can use one of the commercial modeling programs that are now available. 

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