Operation automatic

Computer assisted operations (CAO) involves the use of computer technology to support operations, with functions ranging from collection of data using simple calculators and PCs to integrated computer networks for automatic operation of a field. In the extreme case CAO can be used for totally unmanned offshore production operations with remote... 

The full brake dynamometer, when properly instmmented and controlled, reflects the actual brake performance in a vehicle with reasonable accuracy. High initial investment is recovered through operation independent of the climatic conditions and by a fully automatic operation for extended periods, minimizing personnel costs. 

An acid egg, or blowcase, consists of an egg-shaped container which can be filled with a charge of liquid that is to be pumped. This container is fitted with an inlet pipe for the charge, an outlet pipe for the discharge, and a pipe for the admission of compressed air or gas, as illustrated in Fig. 10-58. Pressure of air or gas on the surface of the liquid forces it out of the discharge pipe. Such pumps can be hand-operated or arranged for semiautomatic or automatic operation. 

FIG. 10-58 A form of acid egg. External controls required for automatic operation are not shown. 

Although such control devices are usually automatically operated, manual operation is satisfactoiy for some services. When manual operation is provided, it often consists of a valve or valves to open and close clearance pockets. In some cases, a movable cyhnder head is provided for variable clearance in the cylinder (see Fig. 10-92). 

Other demands (compatibility with existing systems, type of load, compactness, level of automatization, operating life, possibihty to use process fluid as refrigerant)... 

The following types of devices are commonly applied to measure the various operational parameters of thickeners and clarifiers. They have been used in conjunction with automatic valves and variable-speed pumps to achieve automatic operation as well as to simply provide local or remote indications. 

Figure 12-105. Automatic operation of primer by pressure control. (Used by permission Nash Engineering Company.)...

Process or heating plant may have controls ranging from manual operation with some processes supervised by interlocks to semi-automatic and fully automatic operation. Deciding factors will include temperature of operation, frequency of ignition, degree of operator supervision, and rating of the plant. For example, boiler plant, both steam and water, will invariably have automatic control whereas tunnel kilns operated continuously at high temperature are unlikely to require it. 

In addition to the use of such manual valves, automatically operated valves may be considered as an additional safeguard in certain installations. These can be connected to (among other interlocks) panic buttons sited within the building, which they are protecting. This is a recommended requirement for buildings containing plant of over 2 MW total heat input and supplied with gas at above 1 bar. 

The most frequent cause of damage and even explosion in boilers is a low-water condition. This will expose the heating surfaces, which ultimately overheat and rupture under the operating pressure. Experience has shown that since the introduction of controls for unattended automatic operation of boilers the accident rate has increased. Investigation invariably shows that lack of maintenance has been the main contributing factor. It is therefore imperative that personnel responsible for the running of the boiler plant be fully trained and conversant with its safe operation. 

Low-level ventilation openings, whether windows, doors or ventilators, are generally manually operated for simplicity and economy, allowing personnel to control their own environment. High-level openings can also be manually controlled by means of rod or cable operation, although this has generally lost favor (except in the case of simple windows) and automatic operation is preferred. 

Automatic operation may be by means of compressed air, operating a pneumatic cylinder, or electricity. Pneumatics is generally favored for industrial applications and electricity for commercial premises. Economy of installation is normally the deciding factor, since running costs are low for either system. 

While it produces very pure water, de-ionization is an expensive process to operate. It uses acid and caustic for regeneration and produces an effluent which may need neutralization before it can be discharged. On the other hand, all sizes of de-ionization plants are available with fully automatic operation and control so that the plant... 

The dipping processes are of three basic types (1) continuous lengths of strip, wire or tube pass through the molten coating metal (2) semimanufactured products such as cut tube lengths or sheets are dipped into the molten metal in batches in specially designed and automatically operated plants and (3) fabricated products are dipped into the molten metal. 

Automatic stacker cranes were first used in a cold store in the USA in 1962 and there are now many installations throughout the world. The store height can be increased considerably, to 16-20 m, or even higher if the rack frame is used to support the roof of the cold store. The operation of such a store can be by using a crane with the operator inside the store, driving the crane from a heated, insulated cab, or can be fully automatically operated by a computer. One crane can service some 4000 pallet positions at the rate of 50 pallets per hour. 

Provide automatic operation, i.e. avoid the cost of attendant labour or for where control is too complex for manual operation Maintain the controlled conditions closer than could he achieved hy manual operation... 

Electrical resistance boilers use banks of fixed, immersion-type, resistance heating elements (typically sheathed in seamless copper, Incoloy 800, or 316SS) to provide an energy source that is contained within a carbon-steel pressure vessel. The vessel is provided with a sight glass and all normal boiler controls, valves, and regulators necessary for automatic operation. The vessel is generally well insulated and housed within an enameled metal cabinet. Various electrical supply options are available. 

Options typically include a wide range of pressure ranges and steam outputs, fully automatic operation, full modulation (variable FW or steam supply, rather than on-off operation), low NOx burners, and high tumdown-ratio burners to reduce cycling and improve fuel utilization. 

Automatically operated for general protection, e.g. sprinklers, or for special-risk protection, e.g. carbon dioxide installations. 

The desiccant solution has been mixed on-site from salt and water and filled into the tanks in November 2001. The heat and cold recovery system is in automatic operation since December 2001. The dehumidifier is part of this system and is used as heat exchanger in winter. 

This test thus shares several characteristics with the Durbin-Watson test. It is based on well-known and rigorously sound statistics. It is amenable to automated computerized calculation, and suitable for automatic operation in an automated process situation. It does not have the fatal flaw of the Durbin-Watson Statistic. 

Although the manufacture and use of DNA arrays have been commercialized with automatic operation, there are some important challenges for researchers and developers of the biochips. 

Aquatec Modular, semi-or fully automatic operation. Microprocessor controlled. A dedicated instrument designed for water analysis, i.e. dedicated method cassettes for phosphate and chloride, 600-100 samples h Flow through spectrophotometer (400-700nm)... 

FIA star 5010 Modular, semi- or fully automatic operation. May be operated with process controller microprocessor. Can be set up in various combinations with 5017 sampler and superflow software which is designed to run on IBM PC/XT computer 60-180 samples h Dialysis for in-line sample preparation and in-line solvent extraction.Thermostat to speed up reactions. Spectrophotometer (400-700nm) or photometer can be connected to any flow through detector, e.g. UV/visible, inductively coupled plasma, atomic absorption spectrometer and ion-selective electrodes... 

The operation has been completely automated to eliminate hazards to personnel. The implementation of automatic operation is described in the final EDP (AEA, 2001a). 

Pressure leaf filters are designed for final discharge of solids in either a dry or wet state, under totally enclosed conditions, with fully automatic operation. 

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