Government standardization

ANSI Reporter and Standards Action American National Standards Institute The monthly M/V.97 Eeporternews of poHcy-level actions on standardization taken by ANSI, the international organizations to which it belongs, and the government. Standards Fiction biweekly, Hsts for pubHc review and comment standards proposed for ANSI approval. It also reports on final approval actions on standards, newly pubUshed American National Standards, and proposed actions on national and international technical work. These two pubHcations replace The Magafine of Standards which ANSI, formerly The American Standards Association, discontinued in 1971. 

The reason for an Exposition is so that there is a description of the system showing how it works and how it controls the achievement of quality. This is different from the policies and procedures. The policies are a guide to action and decision and as such are prescriptive. The procedures are the methods to be used to carry out certain tasks and as such are task related. They need to be relatively simple and concise. A car maintenance manual, for example, tells you how to maintain the car but not how the car works. Some requirements, such as those on traceability and identification, cannot be implemented by specific procedures although you can have specific policies covering such topics. There is no sequence of tasks you can perform to achieve traceability and identification. These requirements tend to be implemented as elements of many procedures which when taken as a whole achieve the traceability and identification requirements. In order that you can demonstrate achievement of such requirements and educate your staff, a description of the system rather than a separate procedure would be an advantage. The Exposition can be structured around the requirements of ISO/TS 16949 and other governing standards. It is a guide or reference document and not auditable. 

Government standards. These are developed by government departments, especially the military, and are primarily for aerospace and marine service materials. 

GLP regulations require QA personnel to inspect/audit each study conducted, but the extent to which QA personnel are involved in software development and the val-idation/verification process varies from company to company. In some companies, there is little or no QA involvement in these processes, whereas in others QA personnel are involved. QA personnel can provide assistance in the area of vendor audits for purchased software or can conduct inspections of in-house software development to ensure that internal procedures are being followed. QA personnel, who conduct in-process inspections and review the resulting data and validation report for accuracy, could provide inspection support during the validation and verification process. During system development and validation, properly trained QA personnel can provide the regulatory advice needed to ensure that the system will meet government standards. QA personnel become more familiar with the system(s) that will be used when they are involved early in the validation process. 

A designer of relief systems must be familiar with governmental codes, industrial standards, and insurance requirements. This is particularly important because local government standards may vary. Codes of particular interest are published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Petroleum Institute, and the National Board of Fire Underwriters. Specific references have already been cited. It is recommended that relief designers carefully consider all codes and, where feasible, select the one that is most suited to the particular installation. 

Inspection and Preventive Maintenance T/F Inspection and preventive maintenance were in accordance with applicable procedures, manufacturer s or experience-based recommendations and governing standards, and were adequate for the service conditions. 

Merrigan, K. 2003. The role of government standards and market facilitation. In OECD (ed.) Organic Agriculture Sustainability, Markets and Policies. Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, pp. 277-283. 

Each LPP may also discuss information which should be included in the operating discipline and maintenance procedures for the process activity covered. Appropriate references to other LPPs are provided, as are references to applicable industry and government standards. 

As already mentioned in the previous chapter, SRVs are completely governed by local codes and regulations. However, since 2002 the two major worldwide codes are ASME and PED. Both are laws and are, in any case, the basis of most international codes. There might be detailed but usually irrelevant differences, but if it complies with either or both ASME and PED, it is my opinion that your system is safe. The main problem is that a lot of installations do not comply with ASME, PED or local codes because of misinterpretations of these codes, which we will try to address and clarify further in this handbook. The worldwide governing standards and recommended practices are API 520 and EN4126, and here the reasoning is the same as with the codes. 

In December 1987, Pacific Gas and Electric (PG E) reported to the Environmental Protection Agency that it had detected levels of chromium (VI) at its natural gas compression station near Hinkley, California, that were ten times higher than those allowed by government standards. These reports devalued land in the community and sparked the curiosity of Erin Brockovich, who was working in a law office as a secretary. Her passionate investigation into... 

In Czechoslovakia, technical and pharmaceutical hydrogen peroxide is manufactured according to Government standards. The specifications are quoted in Table 20 ... 

Standards may be developed by governments, standards organizations, companies, industries, technical associations, trade associations, professional societies, or even individuals. About 600 organizations in the United States are active in standardization for various reasons (5). These organizations may assist in the development of standards, they may issue standards, or they may disseminate standards. 

Finished component tests may be divided into three categories those used as routine identity and/or quality control tests, those tests recommended or mandated by government, standards, and compendial groups, and those test that are part of the larger rubber component acceptance and drug/device approval process. In many instances, a test may fall into more than one category. 

Both of the two mandatory sector-specific standards currently require room classification according to Federal Standard 209. This is a U.S. government standard its current revision is FS 209E, " and it will not be automatically replaced by IS 14644. Thus, we are dependent on the next revision of Annex I of the EU GMPs and of the FDA s Guideline on Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processin to determine whether they will be adopted for the manufacture of sterile drug products. 

Chapter 10 discussed test methods of interest in cellular plastics and related materials from a general point of view and listed industry, government, British and International (ISO) standards in a number of relevant subject areas. This chapter will list published specifications (139) and test methods (116) used in the United States, in addition to British Standards (28) and ISO International Standards (40). United States industry standards inlcude ASTM Test Methods (116), ASTM Practices, Guides, Definitions, Terminologies and Abbreviations (24), ASTM Specifications (23), SAE-AMS Specifications (25), and Underwriters Laboratories Standards (1). U.S. Government standards covered include Military Specifications (67), Military Standards (S), Federal Standards (2), Military Handbooks (6), and Federal Specifications (24). Most of these standards are undergoing frequent revision and unused standards are constantly being withdrawn. A total of 361 standards are covered. 

Toxin should be transported outside the research laboratory only when there is good justification (i.e., transport to another research facility). When toxin is shipped, it must be packaged and labeled according to government standards. 

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Section 303A, corporate governance standards... 

In your opinion, does conforming to government standards for clean air, greater product safety, etc., involve extra spending for business ... 

Companies which handle hazardous chemicals operate in a complex regulatory environment, often subject to many regulations, standards, rules, and procedures from government, standards organizations, and insurers. These requirements can be confusing, redundant or even mutually inconsistent. Moreover, even complete regulatory compliance will not assure a safe warehouse operation. The unique operation of every company therefore requires that management should look beyond the letter of the law to the specific needs of that operation to establish an effective safety policy that is based on the nature of the hazards involved. 

SIMS is used for quantitative depth profile determinations of trace elements in solids. These traces can be impurities or deliberately added elements, such as dopants in semiconductors. Accurate depth prohles require uniform bombardment of the analyzed area and the sputter rate in the material must be determined. The sputter rate is usually determined by physical measurement of the crater depth for multilayered materials, each layer may have a unique sputter rate that must be determined. Depth prohle standards are required. Government standards agencies like NIST have such standard reference materials available for a limited number of applications. For example, SRM depth profile standards of phosphorus in silicon, boron in silicon, and arsenic in silicon are available from NIST for calibration of SIMS instmments. P, As, and B are common dopants in the semiconductor industry and their accurate determination is critical to semiconductor manufacture and quality control. 

The DSC peak area must be calibrated for enthalpy measurements. The same types of high purity metals and salts from NIST discussed for calibration of DTA equipment are also used to calibrate DSC instmments. As an example, NIST SRM 2232 is a 1 g piece of high purity indium metal for calibration of DSC and DTA equipment. The indium SRM is certified to have a temperature of fusion equal to 156.5985°C + 0.00034°C and a certihed enthalpy of fusion equal to 28.51 + 0.19 J/g. NIST offers a range of similar standards. These materials and their certified values can be found on the NIST website at www.nist.gov. Government standards organizations in other countries offer similar reference materials. 

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