Federal Standards

Some of the tests and criterion used to define fire resistance may be found in the Hterature (9). Additionally, the compression—ignition and hot manifold tests as defined in MIL-H-19457 and MIL-H-5606, respectively the Wick test as defined by Federal Standards 791, Method 352 flash point and fire point as defined in ASTM D92 autoignition temperature as defined in ASTM D2155 and linear flame propagation rate are defined in ASTM D5306 are used. 

Protection of Employees. In 1986, shortly after the Bhopal disaster, OSHA contracted to develop a federal standard on process ha2ards management. A proposed standard was issued in 1990, and the Process Safety Management of Highly Ha2ardous Chemicals standard was issued and implemented in 1992 (36). 

Health and Safety. Halosilane vapors react with moist air to produce the respective hydrohalogen acid mist. Federal standards have not set exposure to halosilanes, but it is generally beheved that there is no serious risk if vapor concentrations are maintained below a level that produces an irritating concentration of acid mist. The exposure threshold limit value (TLV) for HCl is 5 ppm, expressed as a ceiling limit. Because most people experience odor and irritation at or below 5 ppm, HCl is considered to have good warning properties. 

The emissions from a gasoline-powered vehicle come from many sources. Figure 6-12 illustrates what might be expected from an uncontrolled (1960 model) automobile and a controlled (1983 or later model) automobile if it complies with the 1983 federal standards (7). With most of today s automobiles using unleaded gasoline, lead emissions are no longer a major concern. 

Because mobile sources of air pollution are capable of moving from one local jurisdiction to another, they are usually regulated by the national government. In the United States, state or local agencies can have more restrictive standards, if they choose. Through 1990, only the state of California had established standards more restrictive than the U.S. federal standards, and these only for gasoline-powered automobiles. 

Source operators must, therefore, be certain that they are familiar with the standards applicable to plant operations, for the performance of the source may ultimately be compared against a variety of standards. The rule of thumb in determining which state or federal standard applies when they appear to conflict is that the more stringent standard prevails. 

Congress passed the Occupational and Safety Health Act to ensure worker and workplace safety. Their goal was to make sure employers provide their workers a place of employment free from recognized hazards to safety and health, such as exposure to toxic chemicals, excessive noise levels, mechanical dangers, heat or cold stress, or unsanitary conditions. In order to establish standards for workplace health and safety, the Act also created the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as the research institution for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor which oversees the administration of the Act and enforces Federal standards in all 50 states. 

The purpose of open unidirectional airflow benches is to protect products from particulate contaminants by creating a controlled environment. These benches are used, for example, in electronic, biological, pharmaceutical, and food industries. It should be mentioned that within pharmaceutical production, aseptic sterile processes must be carried out in a Class 100 environment (U.S. Federal Standard 209 E, Airborne Particulate Cleanliness Classes in Cleanrooms and Clean Zones). To avoid particle contamination in the bench, horizontal or vertical airflow with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filtered air is used. The air velocity is normally 0.4-0.5 ra s". Some examples of typical arrangements of open unidirectional airflow benches are shown in Fig. 10.51. 

Federal standards Standards laid down by federal governments covering certain control aspects. 

Air pollution in the United States is regulated at federal, state, and local levels. Allowable concentrations of the major air pollutants are set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the auspices of the Clean Air Act. States and localities implement pollution control plans in accordance with the provisions of the Clean Air Act in regions where air pollutant concentrations exceed the federal standards. Some states and localities have air pollution standards of their own, and in the past, such standards have occasionally been more stringent than those of the EPA. 

In addition, manufacturers obtained language allowing federal standards to preempt state efforts in most cases. Pursuant to this legislation, the Carter Administration proposed appliance standards in mid-1980, but was unable to issue a final rule before the Reagan Administration took over. 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Health Advisory— An estimate of acceptable drinking water levels for a chemical substance based on health effects information. A health advisory is not a legally enforceable federal standard, but serves as technical guidance to assist federal, state, and local officials. 

Clean Room and Work Station Requirements, Controlled Environment, Sec. 1-5 Federal Standard 209, Office of Technical Services, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, Dec. 16, 1963. 

SARA requires that remedial actions meet all applicable or relevant federal standards or any more stringent state standards. Nine criteria that need to be met are set by CERCLA as amended by SARA for a complete assessment of treatment alternatives applicable for a site remedial action12 ... 

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