Hormones gonadal

In animals as well as man, castration causes increased serum cholesterol levels. Androgens have variable effects on serum cholesterol, while estrogens induce a decrease (29). It has been postulated that the mechanism of action of estrogens on serum cholesterol levels might involve increased uptake of cholesterol by the Kupffer cells of the liver, with a subsequent increase in catabolism of cholesterol (30). 

In cockerels (31), small doses of Premarin (a conjugated equine estrogen) increased the cholesterol content of gallbladder bile while decreasing plasma 

The side-chain oxidation of cholesterol was greater in the presence of liver mitochondria of female rats than in that of male rats (32,33). In the same studies, it was shown that the presence of estrogens increased and androgens decreased the oxidation of cholesterol. 

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There are clear links between depression and disruption of the neuroendocrine system. Thyroid and gonadal hormone secretion are both abnormal in depression but most... 

The influence of gonadal hormones on prepubertal animals suggests some steroidal sensitivity in adults with regard to F. elicitation. Young male sheep are induced to perform F. in response to exogenous T and to 17-p-estradiol F. in female red deer is also sensitive to T injections (Parrott, 1978 Fletcher, 1978). Sex differences can interact with the hormonal state where social conditions vary. Female cats (intact) display F. to urine marks only in the absence of males testosterone propionate induced F. in spayed females towards estrous females (Verbeme, 1976 Hart and Leedy, 1987), whereas an ovarian hormone (estradiol) failed to elicit F. to males (intact, and sexually inactive), presumably indicative of social inhibition overriding steroid facilitation. 

Rasia A., Londero R. and Achaval M. (1999). Effects of gonadal hormones on the morphology of neurons from the medial amygdaloid nucleus of rats. Brain Res Bull 48, 173-183. 

Hormonal therapies have shown activity in the treatment of cancers whose growth is affected by gonadal hormonal control. Hormonal treatments either block or decrease the production of endogenous hormones. 

FIGURE 52-1 Schematic representation of possible and known reciprocal interactions among hypothalamic, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and gonadal hormones. 

Collaer, M.L. Hines, M. (1995). Human behavioral sex differences A role for gonadal hormones during early development. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 55—107. 

Balfour Dl, Wright AE, et al (2000) The putative role of extra-synaptic mesolimbic dopamine in the neurobiology of nicotine dependence. Behav Brain Res 113(l-2) 73-83 Beatty WW (1979) Gonadal hormones and sex differences in nonreproductive behaviors in rodents organizational and activational influences. Horm Behav 12(2) 112-163 Becker JB (1999) Gender differences in dopaminergic function in striatum and nucleus accumbens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 64(4) 803-812... 

Blaha V, Yang ZJ, et al (1998) Systemic nicotine administration suppresses food intake via reduced meal sizes in both male and female rats. Acta Medica41(4) 167-173 Blanchard BA, Steindorf S, et al (1993) Sex differences in ethanol-induced dopamine release in nucleus accumbens and in ethanol consumption in rats. Alcohol Cfin Exp Res 17(5) 968-973 Booze RM, Welch MA, et al (1999) Behavioral sensitization following repeated intravenous nicotine administration gender differences and gonadal hormones. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 64(4) 827-839... 

In contrast, some animal studies have suggested that female rats have an increased sensitivity to nicotine althongh these have assessed acnte antinociceptive effects and decreases in motor activity (e.g. Cronan et al. 1985 Craft and Milholland 1998) or chronic increases in locomotion (Kanyt et al. 1999). However, female mice of three strains were reported to be less sensitive than males to motor depressant effects of nicotine (Hatchell and Collins 1977). Gonadal hormones have been suggested to play a part in stimulus control as responses to nicotine during ethanol withdrawal were lower in intact females compared with ovariectomised females and males (Jung et al. 2000). 

In the rat and other rodents, individual odors probably reflect genetic differences. Laboratory rats can distinguish individuals. They discriminate between two intact males, two castrated males, two estrous/proestrous females, two diestrous/metestrous females, or two ovariectomized females. Urine odors differ individually despite differences in the levels of gonadal hormones. Individual recognition may be independent of reproductive state or social status, even though hormone-influenced body odors may be used for individual recognition (Brown, 1988). 

Brown, R. E. (1988). Individual odors of rats are discriminable independently of changes in gonadal hormone levels. Physiology and Behavior 43,359-364. 

Effects of gonadal hormones on the flank gland of the golden hamster. Hormone Research 4,18-33. 

The diuretic effect of spironolactone develops fully only with continuous administration for several days. Two possible explanations are (1) the conversion of spironolactone into and accumulation of the more slowly eliminated metabolite canrenone (2) an inhibition of aldosterone-stimulated protein synthesis would become noticeable only if existing proteins had become nonfunctional and needed to be replaced by de novo synthesis. A particular adverse effect results from interference with gonadal hormones, as evidenced by the development of gynecomastia (enlargement of male breast). Clinical uses include conditions of increased aldosterone secretion, e.g., liver cirrhosis with ascites. 

Androgens are masculinizing substances. The endogenous male gonadal hormone is the steroid testosterone from the interstitial Leydig cells of the testis. 

Sikich, L. and Todd, R.D. (1988) Are neurodevelopmental effects of gonadal hormones related to sex differences in psychiatric illness. Psychiatr Dev 6 277-310. 

Gonadal hormones Estrogens Progestins Androgens Neurosteroids Thyroid hormones Melatonin Vasopressin Oxytocin... 

Halbreich U, Wamback SJ Clinical psychotropic effects of gonadal hormones in women, in Psychoneuroendocrinology for the Clinician. Edited by Wolkowitz O, Rothschild A. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press [in press)... 

Maggi A, Enna SJ Regional alterations in rat brain neurotransmitter systems following chronic lithium treatment. J Neurochem 34 888-892, 1980 Maggi A, Perez J Minireview role of female gonadal hormones in the CNS clinical and experimental aspects, life Sci 37 893-906, 1985 Maitre L, Baltzer V, Mondadori C Psychopharmacological and behavioural effects of anti-epileptic drugs in animals, in Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. Edited by Emrich HM, Okuma T, Muller AA. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1984, pp 3-13... 

Zielinski RJ, Roose SP, Devanand DP, et al Cardiovascular complications of ECT in depressed patients with cardiac disease. Am J Psychiatry 150 904-909, 1993 Zimmerberg B, Farley MJ Sex differences in anxiety behavior in rats role of gonadal hormones. Physiol Behav 54 1119-1124, 1993 Zimmerberg B, Brunelli SA, Hofer MA Reduction of rat pup ultrasonic vocalizations by the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 47 735-738, 1994... 

Chapter 39 Adrenocorticosteroids Adrenocortical Antagonists Chapter 40 The Gonadal Hormones Inhibitors Chapter 41 Pancreatic Hormones Antidiabetic Drugs Chapter 42 Agents That Affect Bone Mineral Homeostasis... 

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