Uptake, increases

Further evidence pointing in the same direction was provided by Pierce, Wiley and Smith, who found that on steam activation of a particular char at 900°C the saturation uptake increased three-fold, yet the isotherm was still of Type I. They argued that even if the width of the pores was only two molecular diameters before activation, it would increase, by removal of oxides, during the activation so that the second Type I isotherm would correspond to pores more than two molecular diameters wide. (The alternative explanation, that activation produced new pores of the same width as the old, seems unlikely.)... 

Increased protein synthesis Increased amino acid uptake/increased translation of mRNA Akt-mediated stimulation of system A amino acid transporter and stimulation of mRNA-translation through activation of p70S6kinase and elongation initiation factor 4 (elF4). Possible involvement of atypical PKCs... 

The overall sorption value tends to decrease with the addition of the nanoclays. The decrease is maximum for the unmodified-clay-fiUed sample. As the ternperamre of swelling increases, the penetrant uptake increases in all the systems (Table 2.5). The rate of increase of solvent uptake is slower for the unmodified-clay-filled sample compared to the modified one. From Table 2.5 it can be seen that the values are higher for THE compared to MEK in every composite system. The higher sorption can be explained from the difference in solubility parameter of solvent and rubber (9 — 99 and polarity. The solubility parameter value of MEK, THE, and the mbber is 19.8, 18.6, and 14.8 MPa, respectively. This difference is lower (3.8 MPa ) in the case of THE than that of MEK (5.0 MPa ). 

Rate of hydration of the polymeric materials has been shown to be an important consideration in regard to drug release. Gilding and Reed (24) demonstrated that water uptake increases as the glycolide ratio in the copolymer increases. The extent of block or random structure in the copolymer can also affect the rate of hydration and the rate of degradation (25). Careful control of the polymerization conditions is required in order to afford reproducible drug release behavior in a finished product. Kissel (26) showed drastic differences in water uptake between various homopolymers and copolymers of caprolactone, lactide, and glycolide. 

For samples ZV(a)pH2-4, up to about 2.5 mmol L the uptake increased linearly... 

Since the ANPs are only slowly taken up by the cells and poorly absorbed following oral administration, some efforts have been directed toward the development of prodrugs (esters) that would be better taken up by the cells. These efforts have yielded the bispivaloyloxymethyl [bis(pom)] derivative of PMEA (Fig. 6) [56]. Bis(pom)-PMEA shows a cellular uptake increased more than a hundredfold, as well as fivefold better oral bioavailability than the parent compound [57], Both PMEA (given intravenously) and bis(pom)-PMEA (given perorally) are now in clinical trials in patients with AIDS. 

Several different changes in mitochondria occur during apoptosis. These include a change in membrane potential (usually depolarization), increased production of reactive oxygen species, potassium channel activation, calcium ion uptake, increased membrane permeability and release of cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) [25]. Increased permeability of the mitochondrial membranes is a pivotal event in apoptosis and appears to result from the formation of pores in the membrane the proteins that form such permeability transition pores (PTP) may include a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), the adenine nucleotide translocator, cyclophilin D, the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, hexokinase and... 

Quininone was added at a rate to keep the temperature below 25°C otherwise the yield of this step was much lower. Oxygen uptake increased upon the addition of quininone, but slowed as the reaction proceeded (15 min). 

An example of this analysis method is shown in Figure 14.2B for [3H]adenosine, which is taken up into TR-iBRB cells. [3H]Adenosine uptake increases linearly for at least 5 min in the presence or absence of Na+. Concentration-dependent adenosine uptake is known to take place with... 

In contrast to P-gp and the MRP proteins, the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) contains six transmembrane domains and only one ATP-binding domain. It was first cloned from the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 selected in doxombicin, in the presence of the P-gp inhibitor verapamil. It is found in many human tissues, such as the placenta, small intestine, colon, and liver [133], It is localized to the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the small intestine and colon and to the bile canalicular membrane in the liver and is involved in reducing intestinal uptake, increasing hepatobiliary excretion, etc., leading to diminished oral bioavailability. cDNA sequences identical to BCRP and named MXR and ABCP, respectively, were independently isolated from human colon carcinoma cells and human placenta [134], BCRP requires... 

The concentration of Cu + and stirring time were fixed at 20 pg mL and 90 min, respectively while amount of sumac leaves varied from 0.1 to 1.0 g. Figure 28.4 displays the effect of changing of sumac leaves on Cu " uptake. Increasing sumac leaves mass from 0.1 to 1.0. 

Liquid water uptake versus temperature curves were established over the temperature range 25—130 °C for Nafion that was vacuum-dried at the above two temperatures (S and N forms) as well as for a sample that was preboiled in water for 2 h (E form). Uptake increased with increasing immersion tern-... 

The authors also mention the interesting result that uptake from water vapor at 80 °C was less than that at lower temperatures, as reported by others, and that this difference was not due to the predrying procedure. It was suggested that water would condense on the membrane surface with more difficulty at the higher temperature and that this would retard sorption. This situation is of obvious significance with regard to humidified membranes in fuel cells. Also, as seen in other studies, the water uptake increases with decreasing EW. 

The authors discuss Schroeder s paradox, referred to elsewhere in this review, and the fact that liquid water uptake increases but saturated water uptake decreases with temperature. And, at low temperature, the water uptake by membranes in contact with saturated vapor is greater than that by membranes in contact with liquid water, which suggests a fundamental difference in membrane microstructure for the two situations. An energy level diagram of thermodynamic states versus temperature was proposed, based on this Flory—Huggins-based model. 

Dense Membrane Studies. The weight of water sorbed by SPSF-Na membranes at 100% relative humidity is plotted as a function of time in Figure 1. Water uptake increased with Increasing D.S.. The same trend was observed for the K salt membranes. The results are summarized in Table III. The point to be noted here is that the absolute amount of water sorbed by the SPSF-Na membranes is greater (by a factor of two) than that of the SPSF-K membranes. It is clear that hydrophillcity increases with increasing D.S. and is dependent on the nature of the counter ion. 

Drug/Lab test interactions Certain endocrine tests may be affected by levonorgestrel implants Sex hormone binding globulin concentrations are decreased thyroxine concentrations may be slightly decreased and triiodothyronine uptake increased. 

Decrease insulin Inhibition of glucose uptake, increase... 

Mocaer E, Retori MC, Kamoun A Pharmacological antidepressive effects and tianeptine-induced 5-HT uptake increase. Clin Neuropharmacol 11 [suppl 2] S32-S42, 1988... 

At 2.5 ppt salinity, whole body nickel concentrations increased from 19 to 232 mg/kg DW in a dose-dependent manner (vs. control of 12.5 mg/kg DW) at 15 ppt salinity, nickel increased from 20 to 113 mg/kg DW in combination with copper salts, nickel uptake increased at intermediate salinities... 

Transmitter reuptake after release Cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants Adrenergic nerve terminals Inhibit uptake increase transmitter effect on postsynaptic receptors... 

After this fast process there follows a smaller slow uptake increasing with temperature and insensitive to pressure. Thus the amount taken... 

Increased synthesis of lipid or uptake. Increased synthesis of lipid may be the cause of fatty liver after hydrazine administration as this compound increases the activity of the enzyme involved in the synthesis of diglycerides. Hydrazine also depletes ATP and, however, inhibits protein synthesis. Large doses of ethanol will cause fatty liver in humans, and it is believed that this is partly due to an increase in fatty acid synthesis. This is a result of an increase in the NADH/NAD"1" ratio and therefore of the synthesis of triglycerides. Changes in the mobilization of lipids in tissues followed by uptake into the liver can also be another cause of steatosis. 

The rate of oxygen uptake increased by a factor of 1.7 with a 10°C. increase in temperature. 

Both types of molecular sieves, MCM-36 and MCM-41, demonstrate large BET surface area and high static sorption capacity (see Table 2). Considerable qualitative differences are observed in N2 isotherms, which are shown in Figure 3. The nitrogen isotherm for MCM-41, prepared with cetyltrimethylammonium cation, is type IV [9] and shows the characteristic reversible steep capillary condensation at p/p0 = -0.4 corresponding to the pore opening -40 A [1]. MCM-36 also shows the type IV isotherm with almost linear and reversible uptake increase up to - p/p0 = 0.5, followed by a hysteresis loop. This profile of adsorption/desorption is typical for layered materials with slit-like porosity generated between layers [9],... 

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