Ovarian hormone

Therapeutic Function Ovarian hormone Chemical Name See under Structural Formula Common Name Releasin... 

ARJMANDI B H, BIRNBAUM R S, GOYAL N V, GETLINGE M J, JUMA S, ALEKEL D L, HASLER C M, DRUM M L, HOLLIS B w and KUKREJA s c (1998a), Bone-sparing effect of soy protein in ovarian hormone-deficient rats is related to its isoflavone content. Am J Clin Nutr. 68,1364S-68S. 

AOS responsiveness to hormonal influences is shown in the action of sodefrin on the lateral nasal sinus of newts (Cynops). The receptors in the accessory pocket are differentially affected by pituitary and ovarian hormones (Toyoda et al., 2000). The local EOG response to the pheromone (Fig. 5.1) was enhanced by the presence of prolactin or of estrogen alone. Receptor sensitivity increase is perhaps an alternate strategy to AOS receptor density increase several alternate routes of signal receptor adaptation (Fig. 7.1) have been hypothesised (Sorenson and Stacey, 1998). 

The influence of gonadal hormones on prepubertal animals suggests some steroidal sensitivity in adults with regard to F. elicitation. Young male sheep are induced to perform F. in response to exogenous T and to 17-p-estradiol F. in female red deer is also sensitive to T injections (Parrott, 1978 Fletcher, 1978). Sex differences can interact with the hormonal state where social conditions vary. Female cats (intact) display F. to urine marks only in the absence of males testosterone propionate induced F. in spayed females towards estrous females (Verbeme, 1976 Hart and Leedy, 1987), whereas an ovarian hormone (estradiol) failed to elicit F. to males (intact, and sexually inactive), presumably indicative of social inhibition overriding steroid facilitation. 

Ovarian hormones influence fluid intake by interaction with the brain renin-angiotensin system and it has been shown that gonadal steroids affect brain fluid-electrolyte balance by interactions with vasopressin. Both hyperos-molarity and increased intracranial pressure stimulate vasopressin release and intraperitoneal administration of vasopressin antagonists decrease brain volume. 

Turner RT, Wakley GK, Hannon KS, et al. (1987) Tamoxifen presents the altered bone turnover resulting from ovarian hormone deficiency. J Bone Miner Res 2 449-456... 

Based on this concept of correlation between high replication rate/high persistent mutation risk, Pike et al. (1983) formulated the hypothesis of breast tissue age and developed a mathematical model to predict the effects of exposure to ovarian hormones. This model incorporates reproductive and endocrine items related to breast cancer and is able to predict the relative risk of individual situations with results that are very close to those observed in clinical trials. According to this hypothesis, both the years of exposure and the circulating serum levels of estrogens are associated to short-term breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women (Toniolo et al. 1995). 

Hormone therapy has proven highly effective in controlling the menopausal syndrome, especially severe hot flushes (MacLennan et al. 2004), even at doses significantly lower than those used until now (Speroff et al. 2000 Utian et al. 2001). Women s Health Initiative studies found that hormone replacement therapy, when administered as a primary prevention intervention for CVD in older women, increases the risk of heart disease and breast cancer. Even if a protective effect on fracture and colon cancer was observed, the risk-benefit ratio led to a recommendation of this treatment only for the short-term relief of menopausal symptoms (Rossouw et al. 2002 Anderson et al. 2004). The role of early administration of ovarian hormones to young postmenopausal women in the prevention of cardiovascular disease or late dementia remains... 

A second study examined the effects of DMBA initiated mi rex-promoted tumors in female mice on ovarian hormones. This study found that the loss of ovary (OVX) protected the female mice (40%) from mirex tumor promotion. Tumor promotion was unaffected in DMBA-initiated OVX mice promoted with TPA. Based on the data, the authors also concluded that there is a structural specificity in the tumor-promoting ability of mirex in mouse skin and that mirex is a much more effective skin tumor promoter in female CD-1 mice than in male CD-1 mice or OVX mice (Meyer et al. 1994). 

Behavioral observations of male white-tailed deer indicate that urine could play a role in olfactory communication in this animal [131]. To extend the knowledge of the urinary volatiles of the white-tailed deer and to investigate the possibility that vaginal mucus could also carry semiochemical information, Jemiolo et al. [132] studied the qualitative and concentration changes in the profiles of the volatiles present in these excretions. Forty-four volatiles were found in the mucus and 63 in female urine. The volatiles common to both vaginal mucus and urine included alcohols, aldehydes, furans, ketones, alkanes, and alkenes. Aromatic hydrocarbons were found only in the mucus, whereas pyrans, amines, esters and phenols were found only in the urine. Both estrous mucus and estrous urine could be identified by the presence of specific compounds that were not present in mid-cycle samples. Numerous compounds exhibited dependency on ovarian hormones. 

Female rats are more active than males in tests of locomotion (Wang 1923 Beatty 1979 Burke and Broadhurst 1966 Cronan et al. 1985 Rodier 1971 van Haaren and Meyer 1991 Kanyt et al. 1999 Booze et al. 1999, Harrod et al. 2004). This sex difference is markedly reduced in gonadectomized female rats, suggesting a role for ovarian hormones (Kanyt et al. 1999 Booze et al. 1999). In a pioneering study, Rosecrans (1972) had shown that nicotine facilitated spontaneous locomotor activity in females, but had no effect in males. 

Kanyt et al. (1999) examined the effects of sex and ovarian hormones on the effects of nicotine on locomotion in a series of experiments using male and female hooded rats. Female rats displayed higher locomotion than males. Acute nicotine re-dnced locomotion, and this effect was slightly larger in females than males. Significantly more rednction in spontaneons locomotor activity in female than in male rats by nicotine has been reported in other stndies (Craft and Milholland 1998 Cheeta et al. 2001). On the other hand, an earlier smdy reports lower sensitivity of females to nicotine s motor depressant effects than males (Hatchell and Collins 1980). 

In summary, although the results on adolescent exposure are somewhat contradictory, females are apparently more sensitive than males to the effects of nicotine on locomotor activity, and the ovarian hormones are likely to underhe this greater responsivity. 

A review of the literature on the effects of nicotine on stress again draws our attention to the fact that generalizations cannot be made. However, in rodents, the anxiolytic effect of nicotine appears to be more pronounced in females than males, suggesting an interaction with ovarian hormones. 

Becker IB, Beer ME, et al (1984) Striatal dopamine release stimulated by amphetamine or potassium influence of ovarian hormones and the light-dark cycle. Brain Res 311(1) 157-160 Becker IB, Molenda H, et al (2001) Gender differences in the behavioral responses to cocaine and amphetamine. Implications for mechanisms mediating gender differences in drug abuse. Ann N Y Acad Sci 937 172-187... 

Albers, H. E. and Rowland, C. M. (1989). Ovarian hormones influence odor stimulated flank marking behavior in the hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Physiology and Behavior 45, 113-118. 

Ovarian hormones may influence pharmacokinetic parameters, and the physiological state of pregnancy can affect a drug s distribution and metabolism. 

Biegon A, Reches A, Snyder L, etal Serotonergic and noradrenergic receptors in the rat brain modulation by chronic exposure to ovarian hormones. Life Sci 32 2015-2021, 1983... 

Wilson MA, Dwyer KD, Roy EJ Direct effects of ovarian hormones on antidepressant binding sites. Brain Res Bull 22 181-185, 1989 Winblad B, Adolfsson R, Carlsson A, et al Biogenic amines in brains with Alzheimer s disease, in Alzheimer s Disease A Report of Progress (Ageing, Vol 19). Edited by Corkin S, Davis KL, Growdon JH, et al. New York, Raven, 1982, pp 25-33 Winker MA Tacrine for Alzheimer s disease. Which patient, what dose JAMA 271 1023-1024, 1994... 

THE OVARY (ESTROGENS, PROGESTINS, OTHER OVARIAN HORMONES, ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, INHIBITORS ANTAGONISTS, OVULATION-INDUCING AGENTS)... 

The menstrual cycle, showing plasma levels of pituitary and ovarian hormones and histologic changes. 

Female Hormones. Closely related 10 the male androgenic hormones, and probably synthesized from them in the female organism, are the estrogenic hormones which are produced principally in the ovary. Although / -estradiol is die normally secreted ovarian hormone, a number or ulher estrogenic substances have been isolated from urine and from animal studies. They include o-cstradiol. esiriol, and estrone. The structures of these hormones are given in Fig. 2. 

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