Estrogens progestins

Class is corticosteroid unless otherwise noted. Class is estrogen—progestin. 

In monophasic preparations a fixed estrogen/progestin combination is present in each contraceptive pill. 

The sex steroids comprise a class of hormones, including estrogens, progestins, and androgens, which play important roles in the development and maintenance of... 

Sequential preparations contain only estrogens in the first and a fixed estrogen/progestin combination in the second phase of the application period. 

DAVIDSON M H, MAKI K C, MARX P, MAKI A C, CYROWSKI M S, NANAVATI N, ARCE J C (2000) Effects of continuous estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement regimens on cardiovascular risk markers in postmenopausal women . Archives of Internal Medicine, 160, 3315-25. 

Petitti DB. Clinical practice Combination estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 2003 349 1443-1450. 

As of 1995, almost 38% of all women 50 to 75 years of age were using HRT.1 It was in 1996 that the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) first published its recommendations that not all postmenopausal women should be prescribed HRT, but rather, therapy should be individualized based on risk factors. This recommendation was further supported with publication of the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) in 1998, which demonstrated that women who had established CHD were at an increased risk of experiencing a myocardial infarction within the first year of HRT use compared with a similar group of women without CHD risk factors. As a result, the authors concluded that HRT is not recommended for the secondary prevention of CHD.2 Then, in 2002, the Women s Health Initiative (WHI) report was published. This trial demonstrated that HRT was not protective against CHD but... 

HERS Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study... 

The minipiir containing only a progestin, rather than a combination estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive, was developed because progestin alone... 

Clarkson TB (1994) Estrogens, progestins, and coronary heart disease in cynomolgus monkeys. Fertil Steril 62(Suppl 2) 147S—15IS... 

Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). J Am Med Assoc 28 49-57... 

Estrogen/progestin therapy vs. raloxifene Average values in % ... 

Barbieri RL (1997) Reduction in the size of a uterine leiomyoma following discontinuation of an estrogen-progestin contraceptive. Gynecol Obstet Invest 43 276-277... 

In conclusion, a shorter time since menopause and surgical menopause are important predictors of hot flashes not only before but also during treatment with raloxifene. Previous estrogen/progestin therapy also increases the risk... 

Grady D, Brown JS, Vittinghoff E, Applegate W, Varner E, Snyder T (2001) Postmenopausal hormones and incontinence the heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study. Obstet Gynecol 97 116-120... 

Mullins CD, Ohsfeldt RL (2003) Modeling the annual costs of postmenopausal prevention therapy raloxifene, alendronate, or estrogen-progestin therapy. J Managed Care Pharm 9(2) 150—158... 

In order to review these putative relationships it is first useful to define a subset of well-characterized hormones and neurotransmitters that have been implicated in behavior. The chemicals selected for discussion here are among those for which a robust relationship with behavior has been proposed, including steroids (estrogens, progestins, androgens and glucocorticoids), proteins (prolactin) and the neuropeptides (oxytocin and vasopressin). All of these chemicals may act as hormones, neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators. In addition, to understand the action of these hormones, it is helpful to be familiar with some of the more common neurotransmitters (described below). Space does not permit a discussion of the behavioral effects of many additional compounds with endocrine or paracrine properties. 

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