Laboratory rats

The cured 2-cyanoacryhc ester polymers are relatively nontoxic. Oral doses of 6400 mg/kg failed to kill laboratory rats. Mild skin irritation was observed with guinea pigs, but there was no evidence of sensitization or absorption through the skin (15). 

All of the propylene glycols display a low acute oral toxicity in laboratory rats as shown in Table 7 (30). Information for sucrose is shown for comparison. 

Alkylamines and diamines are generally classified as corrosive to the skin based on results from laboratory animal (rabbit) studies performed in accordance with the Department of Transportation (DOT) test method (84) rabbits are considered to be especially sensitive to alkylamines which even at low concentrations can induce skin redness and swelling. Oleylamine has been shown to induce mild to moderate skin irritation in laboratory rats when appHed at a concentration of 0.3% in mineral oil (Chemical Manufacturer s Association, 1985). Fatty amines which contain alkyl chains of 10—14 carbons are considered more irritating than related products which contain alkyl chains of 14—18 carbon atoms. Ethoxylation generally decreases the irritation potential of alkylamines. 

Polymeric ethyl cyanoacrylate exhibits very low toxicity properties. In tests with laboratory rats, oral administration of 6400 mg/kg of the polymer failed to harm the test animals. Some skin irritation did occur in tests on guinea pigs, but skin sensitization or absorption through the skin was not observed [45]. 

As new compounds, very limited research has been done to evaluate the biological effects of ionic liquids. The topical effect of [EMIM]C1/A1C13 melts and [EMIMjCl on the integument of laboratory rat has been investigated. The study reports that [EMIMjCl is not in itself responsible for tissue damage. However, the chloroaluminate salt can induce tissue irritation, inflammation, and necrosis, due to the presence of aluminium chloride. However, treatments for aluminium chloride and hydrochloric acid are well documented. This study needs to be expanded to the other ionic liquids, and their toxicity need to be investigated [46]. 

Eleven controlled diet and environment experiments have been designed in a way that can be used to investigate the effects of protein nutrition and heat and/or water stress on diet-tissue A N. Laboratory rats were raised on purified, pelletized diets in which the isotopic composition of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates were well characterized and their proportions accurately and precisely measured (Ambrose and Norr 1993). Four experiments involved manipulation of temperature and/or water availability. Of these four experiments, one used a diet with high (70%) protein concentrations and heat/water stress (36°C) and three used normal (20%) protein concentrations. Seven experiments were conducted at normal temperature (21°C) with water ad libitum. Of these seven experiments, two used diets formulated with veiy low protein (5%), three with normal protein and two with high protein concentrations. 

Following acute oral toxicity from dosages ranging from 14 to 80 mg/kg, laboratory rats had earlier recovery of brain acetylcholinesterase levels than did feral cotton rats. Similar results were seen in a comparison of laboratory mice to feral mice (Roberts et al. 1988). 

Anver M, Cohen BJ. 1979. Lesions associated with aging. In Baker HJ, Lindsey JR, Weisbroth SH, eds. The laboratory rat. Volume I Biology and diseases. New York, NY Academic Press, 377-399. 

Golbs S, Fuchs V, Leipner E, et al. 1978a. [Studies into effects of pesticide combinations on laboratory rats. 1st communication Determination of the acute oral toxicity (ED50) of pesticide combinations]. Arch Exp Vet Med Leipzig 32 557-561. (German)... 

The only evidence on chronic amphetamine administration and heightened aggressiveness derives from the studies, discussed earlier, on group-housed placid laboratory rats or mice. The behavioral validity of these phenomena under near-toxic dosage conditions, however, needs to be resolved. 

Diabetic Rats-Phase I. Laboratory rats (CD strain, 250-300g, male) were made diabetic by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ), 50 mg/kg, into the tail vein. Nondiabetic controls received an equal volume of citrate buffer. Twenty-four hours after the STZ injection, each rat was individually housed for urine collection. The appearance of glucose in the urine (Ames test strips) and a predictable weight loss or depression of the growth curve were taken as confirming evidence of diabetes. 

Barton JC, Huster WJ. 1987. Seasonal changes in lead absorption in laboratory rats. Environ Health... 

Intestinal absorption of diflubenzuron in laboratory rats, measured as the sum of urinary and biliary excretion, decreases with increasing dose from 50% at a single oral dose of 4 mg/kg BW to 4% at 900 mg/kg BW. Excretion is almost complete after 75 h at that time, up to 4% of the administered dose is recovered from skinned carcasses (Willems etal. 1980). About 80% of diflubenzuron metabolites excreted by rats seem to have the basic diflubenzuron structure intact. Three metabolites are largely excreted as conjugates in the bile. One metabolite, 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid, is excreted largely in urine. Its counterpart, 4-chlorophenylurea, was not present in urine or bile in appreciable quantity, nor was 4-chloroaniline detected (Willems et al. 1980). Lifetime feeding studies of 4-chloroaniline, a relatively common diflubenzuron metabolite, showed no compound-related effects in laboratory mice and rats (Gartrell 1981). 

Fouchecourt, M.O., P. Berny, and J.L. Riviere. 1998. Bio availability of PCBs to male laboratory rats maintained on litters of contaminated soils PCB burden and induction of alkoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activities in liver and lung. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 35 680-687. 

Mechanism of 2,3,7,8-TCDD was not established so far means of specific therapy as to this compound poisoning are not available. Experiments with animals have shown that activated carbon, zeolite (subject to introduction of sorbents immediately after poison), unithiol, Liv-52, carsil, festal, guaranteed survival of 20-50% laboratory rats [6],... 

Further evidence to support the notion of a role for immunotoxic environmental contaminants in the 1988 outbreak came from two studies of laboratory rats carried out in tandem with the seal studies. PVG rats were fed the same two batches of herring used in the seal study, with a similar pattern of effects observed in the seals [63,64], However, there were additional indications of immunotoxicity that could not be evaluated in seals for ethical or technical reasons, including increased virus titers in a rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) host resistance model, and reduced thymus cellularity in the rats fed Baltic Sea herring. A positive control group of rats in one of the studies was exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, thereafter exhibiting an amplified pattern of the effects that had been observed in the Baltic group. The collective results from the captive seal studies and the laboratory animal studies were seen to implicate an AhR-mediated immunotoxicity, in which dioxin-like PCBs played a dominant role [64, 65],... 

Most previous work on rat MUPs has been conducted with inbred or relatively inbred laboratory rat strains that are likely to exhibit considerably reduced phenotypic variation relative to the wild population, as we see in mice. As an initial exploration of MUP expression, we analysed urine from nine wild-caught male rats captured from several different populations in northern UK by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IEF). The protein banding pattern was very similar between individuals, consisting of two major and several minor bands. Peptide mass... 

But, by way of comparison, today s laboratory rats (males) will routinely gain from 5.0 to 5-7 g per day during growth from a weight of about kS g to 220 g while consuming 9 to 21 g of food per day. (56)... 

The aldolase activity of human serum has been investigated and found to range slightly over 2-fold in 68 normals and up to 10-fold if diseased individuals are included.22 No special attention has been paid to the constancy of the values for specific individuals. The tissues of laboratory rats show on the average a little less than a 2-fold variation from animal to animal. 

Among the requirements for registration of pesticides in the United States, the 1978 guidelines proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (3) list general metabolism studies "in at least one mammalian species, preferably the laboratory rat. .." Although similar tests have been conducted on other terrestrial species with increasing frequency, the small rodents have remained the principal source of metabolism data from intact animals. 

Plochberger, K. and A. Velimirov (1992). Are Food Preference Test with Laboratory Rats a Proper Method for Evaluating Nutritional Quality Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 8 221-233. 

When tested in laboratory rats, NicVAX reduced the amount of nicotine reaching the brain by 64 percent. It is currently being tested in humans in the United States and the Netherlands. ... 

Female laboratory rats seem to depend upon an intact vaginal bacterial flora to be olfactorily attractive to males. When given a choice in a four-arm maze, adult males spend more time with an untreated estrous female than with one whose vaginal bacteria had been killed by daily injections of an antibiotic (Merkx etal., 1988). Generally speaking, individual odors of rats have microbial, genetic, and dietary components (Schellink and Brown, 2000). 

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