Reproductive state

Resistance to paraquat among mammals varied substantially owing to inherent differences in sensitivity between species, to route of administration, and to reproductive state (Table 22.5). The lowest recorded doses of paraquat causing measurable adverse effects on growth, survival, or reproduction were (Table 22.5) ... 

Fig. 8.2 Mean response frequency or duration by (a-c) female, F, and (d-f) male, M, L. catta to conspecific glandular secretions, (a) F sniffing all odorants as a function of her reproductive state (breed > non F 3 =28.57, P =0.013 ). (b) F licking labial odorant as a function of the donors reproductive state (breed > non t =3.00, P= 0.58, n.s.). (c) F frequency and site-specificity of scent marking as a function of odorant type Fs counter marked the unscented dowel in response to scrotal scent, but over-marked scented dowels in response to labial scent (ti = 3.87, P =0.030 ). (d) M response as a function of odorant type (antebrachial was sniffed least = 6.75, P = 0.011 brachial was wrist marked most Fs = 7.16, P = 0.009 ). (e) M...

Some information (e.g. reproductive state) appears to be contained solely within the chemical matrix of certain marks, particularly within the stable genital secretions. Thus, longer-lasting signals may be broadcast to any animal that comes in contact with labial or scrotal marks. Such a scenario seems particularly applicable to females that scent mark most frequently prior to the onset of estrus cycles, but nonetheless when their sex steroids are on the rise (Drea 2007). Such advertisement may encourage male immigration at a time that would maximize the opportunity of female mate choice, even if the mechanism of, or criteria for, selection remain obscure. 

Ferkin, M. H. (2006) Self-grooming in meadow voles is affected by its reproductive state and that of the top-scent donor. Behav. Processes73, 266-271. 

Hudson, R. and Distel, H. (1984) Nipple-search pheromone in rabbits dependence on season and reproductive state. J. Comp. Physiol. A 155, 13-17. 

In the rat and other rodents, individual odors probably reflect genetic differences. Laboratory rats can distinguish individuals. They discriminate between two intact males, two castrated males, two estrous/proestrous females, two diestrous/metestrous females, or two ovariectomized females. Urine odors differ individually despite differences in the levels of gonadal hormones. Individual recognition may be independent of reproductive state or social status, even though hormone-influenced body odors may be used for individual recognition (Brown, 1988). 

Numan, M., Roach, J.K., del Cerro, M.C., Guillamon, A., Segovia, S, Sheehan, T.P., and Numan, M.J. (1999) Expression of intracellular progesterone receptors in rat brain during different reproductive states, and involvement in maternal behavior. Brain Res 830 358-371. 

Lu, K.H., B.R. Hopper, T.M. Vargo, and S.S.C. Yen (1979). Chronological changes in sex steroid, gonadotropin and prolactin secretion in aging female rats displaying different reproductive states. Biol. Reprod., 21 193-203. 

Roberts, J. A. and Uetz, G. W. (2005). Information content of female chemical signals in the wolf spider, Schizocosa ocreata male discrimination of reproductive state and receptivity. Anim. Behav., 70, 217-223. 

Reproductive state and output (e.g. fecundity, births per female) ... 

The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences has established levels of recommended dally Intake for healthy Individuals of various age-groups, sexes and reproductive states for Infants 0-6 mo, 3 mg for Infants 7-12 mo, 5 mg for children 1-10 yrs, 10 mg for adults, 15 mg for pregnant women, 20 mg for lactatlng women, 25 mg (O. More refined estimates Current address JJ qii iygXj rtj iArnerica and Panama, Division of... 

Lei, Z.M., Chegini, N., and Rao, C.V. (1991). Quantitative cell composition of human and bovine corpora lutea from various reproductive states. Biol. Reprod. 44 1148-1156. 

Roberts JA, Uetz GW (2005) Discrimination of female reproductive state from chemical cues in silk by males of the wolf spider, Schizocosa ocreata (Araneae, Lycosidae). Anim Behav 70 217-223... 

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