Hormonal influences

The tiiyroid hormones influence every organ and tissue of tiie body. These hormones are principally concerned with increasing tiie metabolic rate of tissues, which results in increases in tiie heart and respiratory rate, body temperature, cardiac output, oxygen consumption, and the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The exact mechanisms by which tiie tiiyroid hormones exert their influence 011 body organs and tissues are not well understood. 

Hormonal influences may be limited to sexually relevant cues, since not all scent marks are socially relevant in all situations (Petrulis et al., 1995 and 1997). Chemoinvestigation by male hamsters of the female-indicator compound DMDS was independent of T. and did not differ from that of females. In contrast, the frequency of chemoinvestigation by castrates to vaginal secretion (containing DMDS) was enhanced by T. intact males investigated FHVS five times more than they do the females. 

AOS responsiveness to hormonal influences is shown in the action of sodefrin on the lateral nasal sinus of newts (Cynops). The receptors in the accessory pocket are differentially affected by pituitary and ovarian hormones (Toyoda et al., 2000). The local EOG response to the pheromone (Fig. 5.1) was enhanced by the presence of prolactin or of estrogen alone. Receptor sensitivity increase is perhaps an alternate strategy to AOS receptor density increase several alternate routes of signal receptor adaptation (Fig. 7.1) have been hypothesised (Sorenson and Stacey, 1998). 

Meredith M. (1982). Stimulus access and other processes involved in nasal chemosensory function potential substrates for neuronal and hormonal influence. In Olfaction and Endocrine Regulation (Breipohl W., ed.). IRL Press, London, pp. 223-248. 

Toyoda F. and Kikuyama S. (2000). Hormonal influence on the olfactory response to a female-attracting pheromone, sodefrin, in the newt, Cynops pyrrhogaste. Comp Biochem Physiol [B] 126, 239-245. 

Ovarian hormones influence fluid intake by interaction with the brain renin-angiotensin system and it has been shown that gonadal steroids affect brain fluid-electrolyte balance by interactions with vasopressin. Both hyperos-molarity and increased intracranial pressure stimulate vasopressin release and intraperitoneal administration of vasopressin antagonists decrease brain volume. 

Cutolo, M. et al., Sex hormones influence on the immune system Basic and clinical aspects in autoimmunity, Lupus, 13, 635, 2004. 

Wyatt, T.D. (2003) Pheromones and Animal Behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Yahr, P. (1983) Hormonal influences on territorial marking behavior. In B.B. Svare (Ed.), Hormones and Aggressive Behavior, New York, pp. 145-175. 

With respect to the problem of hormonal influences on enzymes of the pentose phosphate cycle, investigations of the enzyme levels in... 

HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF HORMONAL INFLUENCES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR... 

In the rat and other rodents, individual odors probably reflect genetic differences. Laboratory rats can distinguish individuals. They discriminate between two intact males, two castrated males, two estrous/proestrous females, two diestrous/metestrous females, or two ovariectomized females. Urine odors differ individually despite differences in the levels of gonadal hormones. Individual recognition may be independent of reproductive state or social status, even though hormone-influenced body odors may be used for individual recognition (Brown, 1988). 

Albers, H. E. and Rowland, C. M. (1989). Ovarian hormones influence odor stimulated flank marking behavior in the hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Physiology and Behavior 45, 113-118. 

The sole function of many proteins is simply to bind other molecules. Thus, immunoproteins are able to bind to alien molecules (antigens) and destroy their activity by complexation. Some proteins act as hormones, influencing metabolic rates by binding to another molecule or stmcture. Binding to a protein may be the way an organism transports a... 

Many hormones influence the above processes only indirectly by regulating the synthesis and release of other hormones (hormonal hierarchy see p.372). 

Gender Men and women differ in their response to agents owing to hormonal influences Female birth control pill is the most obvious... 

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