Behavioural effects

Figure 4.28. Electrophobic behaviour Effect of catalyst work function on the activation energy E and catalytic rate enhancement ratio r/r0 for C2H4 oxidation on Pt p02 4.8 kPa, Pc2H4 0.4 kPa (a) and CH4 oxidation on Pt p02 =2.0 kPa, Pch4 =2.0 kPa (b)."4 Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Science.

Figure 4.29. Electrophilic behaviour Effect of catalyst potential and work function change AO on the rate of C2H4 oxidation on a Pt film deposited on CaZr0 9Ino 03.a which is a H+ conductor.104 Reprinted with permission from the Institute for Ionics.

Figure 4.30. Volcano-type behaviour Effect of catalyst potential on the rate of ethylene oxidation on a Pt film deposited on NASICON (Na3Zr2Si2PO 2), a Na+ conductor T=430°C, P02 =7.2 kPa, Pc2H4= kPa.102 Reproduced by permission of The Electrochemical Society.

Figure 4.32. Volcano type behaviour. Effect of Uwr on the rates of C02, N2> N20 formation and on the selectivity to N2 during NO reduction by propene on Pt/p"-Al20j.98,99 Reprinted from ref. 98 with permission from Elsevier Science.

Figure 4.33. Inverted volcano behaviour. Effect of catalyst potential and work function on the rate of C2H6 oxidation on Pt/YSZ. po2=107 kPa, pc2H6 65 kPa T=500°C , T=460°C , T=420°C.24 Reprinted with permission from Academic Press.

Figure 6.5. Example of rule G1 (electrophobic behaviour) Effect of Na coverage and concomitant work function change on the rate of C6H6 hydrogenation on Pt deposited on P"-A1203 at 130°C. Note that the rate is positive order in C6H6 (D). It is also near zero order in H2.24,25...

Figure 6.6. Example of rule G1 (electrophobic behaviour) Effect of AUWr and A

Figure 6.7. Example of rule G2 (electrophilic behaviour) Effect of Pc2h4(= Pd) (a), Po2 (=Pa) (b) and A (c) on the rate of C2H4 oxidation on Pt films interfaced with CaZrO 9ln01O3.aj a H+-conductor.50 Note that Fig. 6.7c is obtained under gaseous composition where the rate is positive order in 02 and negative order in C2H4 (Figs. 6.7a, 6.7b). Reprinted with permission from the Institute for Ionics.

Bretaud, S., Saglio, R, and Saligaut, C. et al. (2002). Chemical and behavioural effects of car-bofuran in goldfish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21, 175-181. 

Lotti, M. (1992). Central neurotoxicity and behavioural effects of anticholinesterases. In B. Ballantyne and T.C. Marrs (Eds.) (1992). Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organophosphates and Carbamates 75-83. 

Thompson, H.M. (2003). Behavioural effects of pesticides in bees—their potential for use in risk assessment. Ecotoxicology 12, 317-330. 

DA antagonists are anti-emetic, elevate plasma prolactin and have major motor and behavioural effects. Thus DA must be involved in the initiation of vomiting, the secretion of prolactin and control of motor and behavioural activity. Its role in emesis and as the prolactin release inhibitory factor have been adequately covered above. Its motor and behavioural function will now be considered. 

Tyramine is produced by decarboxylation of tyrosine and is present in the CNS in higher (threefold) concentrations than m-tyramine, the hydroxylated derivative of phenylethylamine. In the periphery / -tyramine is easily hydroxylated to octopamine, which has some direct effects on ai adrenoceptors, unlike tyramine which functions by releasing NA. When tested on central neurons tyramine always produces the same effects as NA but they are slower and less marked, implying an indirect action. By contrast octopamine often produces the opposite effect to NA and it is probable that octopamine may have a functional role in the invertebrate CNS where it is found in higher concentrations (5pg/g) than in the mammalian brain (0.5ng/g). Neither tyramine nor octopamine have distinct behavioural effects, unlike phenylethylamine,... 

If excessive noradrenergic transmission is a causal factor in anxiety, then it would be predicted that a lesion of central noradrenergic neurons would have an anti-anxiety effect in behavioural models of this condition. Unfortunately, the behavioural effects of such lesions are notoriously inconsistent and there are many reports of negative findings (e.g. Salmon, Tsaltas and Gray 1989). One study has even shown that a lesion of central noradrenergic neurons, induced by the selective neurotoxin, DSP-4, abolishes the anti-anxiety effects of tricyclic antidepressants and MAO inhibitors, but not those of the benzodiazepine, alprazolam, or the barbiturate, phenobarbitone (Fontana,... 

Eison, AS, Eison, MS, Stanley, M and Riblet, LA (1986) Serotonergic mechanisms in the behavioural effects of buspirone and gepirone. Pharmac. Biochem. Behav. 24 701-707. 

Finally, as outlined above, descending monoamine systems, originating in the midbrain and brainstem that act through the spinal release of noradrenaline and 5-HT, modulate the spinal transmission of pain. Alphai adrenoceptors appear to be important in this role but it is unlikely that behavioural effects such as sedation can be separated from the analgesia. Since both noradrenaline and 5-HT are key transmitters in the control of mood and anxiety and yet also participate in the control of sensory events that lead to... 

Phytoestrogens have also been shown to have behavioural effects in rodents including increases in sexual activity (Patisaul et al, 2001) and a reversal of sex-specific behaviours (Lund et al, 2001 Flynn et al, 2000). In rodents, the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) is located in the hypothalamic region of the brain. This area of the brain controls... 

Bean N.J. and Wysocki C.J. (1985). Behavioural effects of removal of the vomeronasal organ in neonatal mice. Chem Senses 10, 421-422. 

Russell, M.A. Subjective and behavioural effects of nicotine in humans some sources of individual variation. Prog. Brain Res. 79 289, 1989. 

Do all psychoactive drugs have a mixture of good and bad behavioural effects ... 

Summarize the acute neurochemical and behavioural effects of acute doses of amphetamine and cocaine. 

Compare the neurochemical and behavioural effects of ketamine, phencyclidine and scopolamine. 

Summarise the cognitive and behavioural effects of alcohol intoxication. 

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