Body, odors

Temperature Relief from overheating Humidity. Prevention of condensation or fogging Odor Dilution of odor from smoking, body odor, processes, etc. 

To summarize, a mechanical system that is planned to control indoor air contaminants (including humidity, radon, combustion gases, and body odors) and reduce the risk of condensation in the building shell in a cold humid climate should include... 

Willse, A., Belcher, A.M., Preti, G., Wahl, J.H., Thresher, M., Yang, P., Yamazaki, K. and Beauchamp, G.K. (2005) Identification of major histocompatibility complex-regulated body odorants by statistical analysis of a comparative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry experiment. Anal. Chem. 77, 2348-2361. 

Kuukasjarvi, S., Eriksson, C.J.P., Koskela, E., Mappes, T., Nissinen, K. and Rantala, MJ. (2004) Attractiveness of women s body odors over the course of the menstrual cycle The role of oral contraceptives and receiver sex. Behav. Ecol. 15, 579-584. 

Martins, Y., Preti, G., Crabtree, C.R., Runyan, T., Vainius, A.A. and Wysocki, CJ. (2005) Preference for human body odors is influenced by gender and sexual orientation. Psych. Sci. 16, 694-701. 

Porter, R.H., Balogh, R.D., Cemoch, J.M. and Franchi, C. (1986) Recognition of kin through characteristic body odors. Chem. Sens. 11, 389-395. 

Schaefer, M.L., Yamazaki, K., Osada, K., Restrepo, D. and Beauchamp, G.K. (2002) Olfactory fingerprints for major histocompatibility complex-determined body odors II relationship among odor maps, genetics, odor composition, and behavior. J. Neurosci. 22, 9513-9521. 

Pause, B.M., Krauel, K., Sojka, B. and Ferstl, R. (1998) Body odor evoked potentials a new method to study the chemosensory perception of self and non-self in humans. Genetica 104, 285-294. 

Roberts, S.C., Gosling, L.M., Spector, T.D., Miller, P., Penn, D.J. and Petrie, M. (2005) Body odor similarity in noncohabiting twins. Chem. Senses 30 1-6. 

Body odors, 1 816 Body preparations, 7 842t Body tissue, caustic soda versus, 22 840 Body washes, 22 748 Body waves, 17 422 Body weight, role in toxicology studies, 25 216... 

Body odor is the sum of all perceivable compounds in excreta and secreta (Bryant and Atema, 1987). Body odors can change with diet but are nevertheless important in communication bullhead catfish Ictalurus nebulosus) use body odors in dominance and territorial relationships. 

Changing the diet of a fish may change the behavior of conspecifics it interacts with subsequently. For instance, if one of a pair of male brown bullhead, I. nebulosus (a catfish), is removed from the tank and fed beef liver instead of the usual trout chow and then returned to his partner in their original tank, the resident will behave differently than if the same male is reintroduced without a diet change. The former tank mate is now a chemical stranger. The behavior changes include loss of territory and more activity by the smaller, manipulated fish and more aggression and activity by the resident fish. These diet-dependent odors are not specialized pheromones, and yet they are probably important social chemical cues in the natural territorial and dominance behavior of bullhead catfish. Body odor is the more appropriate term (Bryant and Atema, 1987). 

Optimus odor in corpore est nullus [The best body odor is none]. 

Signaling pheromones are animal-produced, interindividual chemicals that modulate behavior in conspecifics. Like visual and auditory signals, they have comparatively rapid effects exchange of signals takes seconds or minutes. (Priming pheromones [Ch. 8], hy comparison, trigger slower endocrine or developmental processes.) The pheromone concept, originally based on insects (Karlson and Luscher, 1959), has been debated for vertebrates, notably mammals (e.g. Beauchamp etal., 1976 Johnston, 2001). Often it is better to use the term body odors to avoid particular assumptions. Now the term pheromones is widely used for vertebrates, without any particularly narrow definition implied. 

Mammals may become familiarized with one another by body odors, without having direct contact. For instance, Columbian ground squirrels, S. columbianus, show more-cohesive and less-agonistic behaviors toward unfamiliar non-colony members if they had experienced the odor of these individuals in traps that had been used in both colonies (Hare, 1994). 

Hatchling green iguanas. Iguana iguana, recognize kin by the odor of their feces, but also by their body odor (Werner et al, 1987). 

In the rat and other rodents, individual odors probably reflect genetic differences. Laboratory rats can distinguish individuals. They discriminate between two intact males, two castrated males, two estrous/proestrous females, two diestrous/metestrous females, or two ovariectomized females. Urine odors differ individually despite differences in the levels of gonadal hormones. Individual recognition may be independent of reproductive state or social status, even though hormone-influenced body odors may be used for individual recognition (Brown, 1988). 

Dominance status information, coded in whole-body odor, can travel between animals in an air stream. When exposed to the odor of a familiar, dominant male, the sugar glider, P. breviceps, increases cardiac and respiration rates within 10 minutes, and levels of glucose and catecholamine in the plasma rise after 30 minutes (Stoddart and Bradley, 1991). 

Female snakes leave odor trails as they move through vegetation. Their body odor adheres to the anterolateral surfaces of vertical objects. Males then are able to determine the direction of a female s path. The plains garter snake, Thamnophis radix, extracts information in this way (Ford and Low, 1984). 

Odors are important in the attraction of the sexes, and men and women differ in this. Women (American college students) ranked body odor as more important than any other factor in attraction to men, except pleasantness. Men, however, ranked good looks highest, except for pleasantness (Herz and Inzlicht, 2002). 

Even adults can still develop olfactory preferences that contravene those acquired before sexual maturity. Female laboratory mice imprinted by the odor of one mouse strain will prefer this odor even more if they are exposed to males of this strain as adults. However, if they are exposed to males of a different strain when sexually mature, their original odor preference will be reversed (Albonetti and D Udine, 1986). Naturally occurring sex or body odors may assume their sexual significance after association with sexual activity male mice were aroused by a perfume that they had experienced earlier on scented females they had interacted with (Nyby etal., 1978). Practitioners have known that adult mammals can acquire responses after exposure to certain animals. For instance, bulls of the Asian elephant that had been housed near African elephant bulls respond to temporal gland secretion and its three components phenol, 4-methylphenol, and (E)-farnesol from the latter species. Asian bulls thathad not been associated with African bulls did not respond (Rasmussen, 1988). 

Not surprisingly, much research in sharks, skates and rays has focused on the responses of sharks to human body odors. Human blood attracts sharks, while sweat does not, and urine was even slightly repellent (Tester, 1963). Practitioners use whale meat and mixtures of fish meal and fish oils as shark attrac-tants. In both carnivorous and herbivorous bony fish (Osteichthyes) smell deals with prey odors, social odors, and chemical stimuli in homing, and it is mediated by the first cranial nerve, the olfactory nerve. By contrast, taste serves in detection and selection of food and avoidance of toxic food, and it employs the facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal, and hypoglossal nerves. 

Prey fish may mask their own odors. Some marine fish avoid predation by covering their body odors. Some parrot fish (Scaridae) sleep in a mucus cocoon. It is believed that this covers up its scent and protects it from predation. Table 12.1 summarizes some chemical predator-prey relationships in marine fish. 

Pine snake Pituophis melanoleucus King snake Body odor in Y-maze Avoidance Burger, 1989... 

The influence of odors such as perfumes and fragrances on human behavior is assumed to he acquired, and the responses elicited depend on the often complex previous social experiences. The response will be altered if a laboratory experiment eliminates contextual stimuli (Kirk-Smith and Booth, 1987). Social odors include those of the well-known security blankets in toddlers, familiarly scented bed sheets in new surroundings, and treating insomnia with mother s axillary odor on handkerchief. Removal of bad body odors (diet, metabolism defects) that disrupt interpersonal harmony appears to be universal. 

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