Further- Reading

The following references greatly expand the material in this chapter. The first two textbooks below merit reading for a broad-based introduction to the ideas contained in this chapter. 

Pauling, 1960, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edn, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 

Pearson, 1972, The Crystal Chemistry and Physics of Metals and Alloys, Wiley-Interscience, New York. PW. Atkins, 1981, Quanta, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 

Harrison, 1980, Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids, W.H. Freeman, New York. 

In practice, for iV 30 the central limit theorem holds regardless of the underlying probability distribution function of the N independent variables (see T. Yamane s book. Further reading). 

Lord Rayleigh, On the problem of random vibrations and of random flights in one, two or three dimensions, Phil. Mag., 37, 321-347, (1919). 

Yamane, Statistics An Introductory Analysis, (New York Harper and Row, 1967). 

Weartherbnm, Mathematical Statistics, (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1962). 

Mendenhall and T. Sincich, Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, (Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 2006). 

This chapter has merely introduced the subject of Bayesian statistics, a field that is far broader than the subject of estimating parameters from data with normally-distributed errors discussed here. For further reading, comprehensive graduate-level overviews of Bayesian statistics are provided by Robert (2001) and Leonard Hsu (2001). A text suitable for undergraduates is Bolstad (2004). Among specialized texts. Box Tiao (1973) treats in further depth the problem of parameter estimation however, it does not discuss advanced MCMC techniques. For more on Bayesian Monte Carlo methods, consult Chen era/. (2000). For a more philosophical, conceptual treatment of Bayesian statistics see Bernardo Smith (2000). 

For single-response data, Bayes.MCMC.pred.SR.m computes the expectation of a vector g 6,a). This routine is used in turn by Bayes MCMC.1DmarginaLSR.m and Bayes.MCMC 2Dmarginai SR.m to compute 1-D and 2-D marginal densities. The outputs of these routines are used to compute 1-D and 2-D HPD regions by Bayes.1D HPD SR.m and Bayes 2D HPD SR.m respectively. 

The most probable parameter vector is computed from multiresponse data using si m anneaLMR.m. The resulting marginal posterior density on 9 is used to compute expectations of g 9) by Bayes MCMC pred.MR.m. Marginal densities and HPD regions are computed by similar routines to those above, with MR substituted for 3R. 

We are studying a system in which a fluid flows slowly through a packed bed of solid pellets, and are interested in the transfer of heat between the solid pellets and the fluid. We expect the heat transfer coefficient h to have the dependence 

We have taken the data of Table 8.4 in the laminar flow regime. We propose the model 

Chemical Thermodynamics, 3rd edition (Freeman, San Francisco, 1974). 

Treloar, The Physics of Rubber Elasticity, 3rd edition (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975). 

Brydson, Rubber Chemistry (Applied Science Publishers, London, 1978). 

Labana and R. A. Dickie (eds.). Characterization of Highly Cross-Linked Polymers (American Chemical Society, Washington, 1984). 

and Jadhav, P.K. (1983). Asymmetric hydroboration. In Asymmetric synthesis (ed. J.D. Morrison), Vol. 2, pp 1-43. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida. 

Negishi, E., and Zaidlewicz, M. (1982). Organoborane compounds in organic synthesis. In Comprehensive organometallic chemistry (ed. G. Wilkinson, F.G.A. Stone, and E.W. Abel), Vol.7, pp 111-363. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 

Nelson, J.V., and Taber, T.R. (1982) Stereoselective aldol condensations. Topics in Stereochemistry, 13, 1-115. 

Hoffman, R.W. (1982). Diastereogenic addition of crotylmetal compounds to aldehydes. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English, 21, 555-566. 

Maruenda, R. Farhi, and G. Petat-Ervas, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 1981, 42, 911. 

Kroger, The chemistry of imperfect crystals, North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam, 1974. 

Sorensen (ed.), Nonstoichiometric oxides. Academic Press, New York, 1981, p. 41. 

Catlow and W. C. Mackrodt (eds), Nonstoichiometric compounds, The American Ceramic Society, Inc., Westerville, Ohio, 1986. 

Fowler and E. A. Guggenheim, Statistical thermodynamics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1949. 

Particle Size Measurement, Volumes 1 and 2. 5th edn. (Chapman and Hall, London, 1997) Beddow, J. K. Particle Characterization inTechnology, Vol I Application and. Micro-analysis, Vol 2 Morphological Analysis. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1984) 

Bohren, C. F. and Huffman, D. R. Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles (Wiley, New York, 1983) 

Clarke, A. N. and Wilson, D. J. Foam Flotation, Theory and Applications. (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1983) Dallavalle, J. M. Micromerities. 2nd edn. (Pitman, London 1948) 

Dorman, R. G. Dust Control and Air Cleaning. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1974) 

Dullien, F. A. L. Introduction to Industrial Gas Cleaning. (Academic Press, San Diego, 1989). 

Codex Guideline EMRL(1)-1997, List of Codex Extraneous Maximum Residue Limits in Food , Codex Alimentarius Commission, Washington, DC (1997). 

Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Agriculture, Guidelines for the Generation of Data Concerning Residues as Provided in Annex 11, Part A, Section 6 and Annex 11, Part A, Section 8 of Directive Concerning the Placement of Plant Protection Products on the Market 1607/V1/97 Rev. 210/6/199, Commission ofthe European Communities, Brussels (1999). 

Statutory Instrument 1999 No. 3106, The Good Laboratory Practice Regulations 1999 , Stationery OfiSce, London (1999). 

Where a crop which constitutes a part of the US diet is not grown in sufficient quantity in the USA to warrant the cost to obtain a US registration, an import tolerance is required. Crops that are grown extensively in Latin America, such as coffee, banana. 

Anderson, J. D. Jr. Modem Compressible Flow. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982). 

Engineering Equipment Users Association Vacuum Producing Equipment, EEUA Handbook No. 11 (Constable, London, 1961). 

Greene. W. (ed.) The Chemical Engineering Guide to Compressors (McGraw-Hill, New York. 1985 . Holland, F. A. and Chapman, F. S. Pumping of Liquids (Reinbold, New York. 1966). 

Elingston, P. (1988) The Greatest Little Business Book. Elingston Associates, Perthshire, Scotland. 

Rosthorn, J., Haldane, A., Blackwell, E. Wholey, J. (1986) Small Business Action Kit. Kogan Page, London. 

Crommelin, D. and Sindelar, R. 2002. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, second edition. Taylor and Francis, 

Kayser, O. and Muller, RH. 2004. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Wiley VCH, Weinheim, Germany. 

Oxender, D. and Post, L. 1999. Novel Therapeutics from Modem Biotechnology. Springer Verlag. 

and Walsh, G. 2005. Directory of Approved Biopharmaceutical Products. CRC Press, Florida, USA. 

Mayhall, E., Paffett-Lugassy N., and Zon L.I. 2004. The clinical potential of stem cells. Current Opinion in Cell 

Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry, 7th edn. Oxford Oxford University Press, 

Guggenheim, Thermodynamics An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists, 7th edn. Amsterdam North-Holland, 1985. 

Pitzer, Thermodynamics. New York McGraw-Hill, 1995. (Based on G. N. Lewis and M. Randall, Thermodynamics and the free energy of chemical substances. New York McGraw-Hill, 1923.) 

Kondepudi and I. Prigogine, Modern Thermodynamics from Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures. Chichester John Wiley Sons, 1998. 

Rossini, Chemical Thermodynamics. Chichester John Wiley Sons, 1950. 

Buckingham, J. (1996). Dictionary of Natural Products. Chapman Hall, London. 

Grindley, J. Ogden, J. (2000). Understanding Biopharmaceuticals. Manufacturing and Regulatory Issues. Interpharm 

Kucers, A. (1997). Use of Antibiotics A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Drugs, 5th edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. 

Elementary Chemical Reactor Analysis (Butterworths Reprint Series, 1989). 

Barton, J and Rogers R. Chemical Reaction Hazards (Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, U.K., 1993). 

Fooler, H. S. Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 2nd edn. (Prentice-Hall, 1992). 

Froment G. F. and Bischoff, K. B. Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design, 2nd edn. (Wiley, 1989). Holland, C. D. and Anthony, R. G. Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 2nd edn. (Prentice-Hall, 1992). 

Barnett and Foster, (1916) Bottling Plant Catalogue, Publication No.179. 

Bernard, B.K. (consulting ed.) (1985) Flavor and Fragrance Materials, Allured Publishing Corp., Wheaton, IL. 

The Commission of the EC, (1999) Official Journal of the European Communities. L84, Vol 42, Register of Flavouring Substances, per Regulation (EC) No. 2232/96. 

Nriagu, J.O. and Schiff, S. (1994) Role of sediment porewater in the cycling of arsenic in a mine-polluted lake. Environment International, 20(4), 517-27. 

Kubota, H Urabe, T Yamada, R. and Tanimura, S. (2004) Exploration indices and mineral potential map of the Kuroko deposits in northeast Japan. Resource Geology, 54(4), 387-97. 

R Gauthier, D. and Flamant, G. (2000) Possible interactions between As, Se, and Hg during coal combustion. Combustion and Flame, 120(1-2), 49-60. 

MICHAEL F. HUGHES, DAVID J. THOMAS, and ELAINA M. KENYON 

US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory 

For the theoretical approach to inorganic chemistry, see the books listed in Section A.7 of the Appendix. See also the books listed in Section 4.8, especially Chapter 1 of Johnson (1982). The historical development of bonding theory is thoroughly treated by Palmer, W. G. (1965). A History of the Concept of Valency to 1930. Cambridge University Press. 

The Animals, Meat and Meat Products (Examination for Residues and Maximum Residue Limits) Regulations 1991 (Statutory Instrument [1991] No. 2843), HMSO, London. 

Chemicals for Animal Health Control. Ed. G.C. Brander, Taylor Francis 

Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. 32nd Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. World Health Organization, Geneva (1988). 

HEITZMAN, R. J. (ed.) Residues in food-producing animals and their products reference materials and methods. EC, Luxembourg (1992). 

Batley, G.E. (1989) Trace Element Speciation Analytical Methods and Problems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Bernhard, M., Brinckman, F.E. and Sadlers, EJ. (1986) The Importance of Chemical Speciation in Environmental Processes. Dahlem Workshop Report. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

Florence, T.M. (1982) The speciation of trace elements in waters. Talanta, 29, 345-364. 

Foerstner, U. (1983) Types of binding of heavy metals in sediments and sludges sorption/mobilisation, chemical extraction and bioavailability. Fresenius Z.Anal. Chem., 316, 604-611. 

Lauder, L. (1987) Speciation of Metals in Water, Sediment and Soil Systems (Proceedings of the International Workshop). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

A list of references is given below which will allow the reader to investigate any points of detail. A good place to start is the collection of papers in the March 2003 MRS Bulletin (Volume 28, issue 3), which provides a snapshot of some of the more recent work on hard materials. For a general study of thin films, try M. Ohring, The Materials Science of Thin Films, 1992, published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Boston, MA. 

and Bannister, M. (1989), Flow characteristics of highly constrained metal wires , Acta Metallurgica, 37, 1847-1857. 

Barnett, S.A., Madan, A., Kim, I. and Martin, K. (2003), Stability of nanometer-thick layers in hard coatings , MRS Bulletin, 28, 169-172. 

Benlahsen, M., Lepinoux, L. and Grilhe, J. (1993), Image forces on dislocations the elastic modulus effect , Materials Science and Engineering, A164, 428 132. Bolshakov, A., Oliver, W.C. and Pharr, G.M. (1996), Influences of stress on the measurement of mechanical properties using nanoindentation Part II. Finite element simulations , Journal of Materials Research, 11, 760-768. 

(1963), Hardening by spinodal decomposition , Acta Metallurgica, 11, 1275-1282. 

Aulton, M.E. (ed). (1988) Pharmaceutics The science of dosage form design. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. Burkitt, H.G. and Young, B. (1993) Wheater s Functional Histology A text and colour atlas, 3rd edn. Churchill Livingstone. 

(1997) Developments in drug delivery technology markets, 2nd edn. Financial Times Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Publishing. 

(1998) Biophatmaceulicals biochemistry and biotechnology. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. 

and Minneman, K.P. (eds) (1988) Human Pharmacology Molecular to Clinical, 3rd edn. Mosby St Louis. 

Gibaldi, M. (1991) Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 4th edn. Lea Febiger, Philadelphia. 

Many basic texts on polymer science are available. The books by Billmeyer (1971), Brydson (1999) and Boyd and Phillips (1993) provide a wide coverage of the subject. Nicholson (1997) provides a useful elementary introduction to polymer chemistry. The text by Grosberg and Khokhlov (1997) provides an excellent introduction to the basics of polymer properties and behaviour in relation to their underlying molecular structure. The proceedings of the 81st Nobel Symposium, Salaneck, Lundstrom and Ranby (1993), gives an overview of the science of conjugated polymers. 

Allegre, C. (1992) From Stone to Star. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Broecker, W.S. (1985) How to Build a Habitable Planet. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York. 

Lovelock, J. (1982) Gaia A New Look At Life on Earth. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 157pp. 

ASASENT, D., TALUKDER, A., LEE, H. w., X-ray Agricultural product inspection segmentation and classification, September 1997, SPIE Vol. 3205, pp. 46-55. 

Physics sorts the wheat from the chaff. Physics World, June 2000, pp. 24-26, vol. 13, No. 6. 

DOWNING, D. L., A Complete course in canning and related processes 13th edition, CTl Publications Inc., 1996. 

GOOD PROCESSING PRACTICE USING COLOUR SORTING, Food Technology Europe, October 1997 pp. 54-58. 

KUBiAK, A., KUTZBACH, H. D., The application of an artificial intelligence system in the automatic recognition of wheat by the nonlinear approximation technique, 12th International Congress of Chemical and Process Engineering CHISA, Praha, Czech Republic, 25-30th August, 1996. P9.55 [490]. 

Astarita, G. Chem. trig. Sci 52 (1997) 4681. Dimensional analysis, scaling and orders of magnitude. 

Focken, C. M. JMrnemMmd Methods and their Applications (Edward Arnold, London, 1953). 

Hewitt, G, F. Proc International Heat Transfer Conference Kyongu, Korea (1998). 1. 

Huntley, H. E. Dimensional Analysis (Macdonald and Co. (Publishers) Ltd, London, 1952). 

Dimensions, and Dimensionless Numbers (McGraw-Hill, 1960). 

Bririxh Naiiiwal Formulary. British Medical Association iind The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, London (about 800 pp).The BNF Ls updated twice a year. 

At rather infrequent intervals, statistical issues in the pharmaceutical industry have been debated by the Royal Statistical Society. Three read papers contain much of relevance to the work of the pharmaceutical statistician. Even though the first (Lewis, 1983), appeared nearly twenty-five years ago (at the time of writing), it is interesting to note that a number of the issues are still live. The second paper (Racine et al., 1986) is an early exposition of the use of Bayesian methods within the pharmaceutical industry, which, despite the fact that it pre-dates the Markov chain Monte-Carlo revolution introduced by Gelfand and Smith (1990) is still ahead of current practice in many respects. The third (Senn, 2000a) was written by me and, as might be expected, touches on a number of issues covered in this book. 

Finally, anybody working in the pharmaceutical Industry must expect that his or her work will frequently be viewed with suspicion. In that connection, two of my articles (Senn, 2002 Senn, 2006) may be of interest. 

Altman DG (1996) Better reporting of randomised controlled trials the CONSORT statement [editorial] [see comments]. British Medical Journal 313 570-571. 

Bailey RA (1981) A unified approach to design of experiments. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A - Statistics in Society 144 214-223. 

Chuang-Stein C (1996) On-the-job training of pharmaceutical statisticians. Drug Information Journal 30 351-357. 

Mono-disperse fractions of molar masses 200000 and 400000 g mol are added to the polymer of example 3.1 so that the ratios of the numbers of chains, in order of increasing M, become 1 1 2 1 Calculate the number-average and weight-average molar masses of the resulting polymer and hence show that the polydispersity index has increased. 

Assuming that a polymer has a molar-mass distribution defined by (m) = ae , where n m)Am represents the fraction of molecules with molar masses between m and m + Am, show that a = b and calculate (i) the number- and weight-average molar masses, and hence the polydispersity index and (ii) the molar mass at the mode (maximum) of the distribution function. 

Explain why figs 3.2(a) and (b) both show correctly the tetrahedral angle and calculate its value using fig. 3.2(b). 

Calculate the smallest separations between hydrogen atoms connected to the two different carbon atoms 2 and 3 of the butane molecule when the central C—C bond, between atoms 2 and 3, is in the trans, gauche and eclipsed states. 

Calculate the root-mean-square length of a polyethylene chain of M = 250000 g moP assuming that the equivalent random link corresponds to 18.5 C—C bonds. 

This book is about aii these things. It is about the structures of organic molecules and the reasons behind those structures. It is about the shapes of these molecules and how the shape relates to their function, especially in the context of biology. It explains how these structures and shapes are discovered. It tells you about the reactions the molecules undergo and, more importantly, how and why they behave in the way they do. It tells you about nature and about industry. It tells you how molecules are made and how you too can think about making molecules. 

One interesting and amusing book you might enjoy is B. Selinger, Chemistry in the Marketplace, 5th edn, Harcourt Brace, Sydney, 2001. 

To check that you have mastered the concepts presented in this chapter, attempt the problems that are available in the book s Online Resource Centre at http //www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/orc/clayden2e/ 

FINLAYSON - PITTS B.J., PITTS J.N.J ., Atmospheric Chemistry - Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques, Wiley (1986). 

GLASSMAN I. (Editor), Combustion Science and Technology 25 Anniversary issue, The Next 25 Years, vol. 98 (1994). 

GOODY R., Principles of atmospheric physics and chemistry, Oxford University Press (1995). 

GRAEDEL T.E., CRUTZEN P.J., Atmospheric Change, an earth system perspective. Freeman (1993). 

GRIFFITHS J.F., BARNARD J.A., Flame and Combustion, 3 edition, Blackie Academic Professional (1995). 

Outside the field of TTS we find that a lot of the work in the field of natural language 

Chapter 5. Text Decoding Finding the words from the text 

Walters, K., A critical appraisal of available methods for the measurement of extensional properties of mobile systems. A. A. Collyer (Ed.), Techniques in Rheological Measurements, Elsevier, London (1993). 

Macosko, C.W. and Souza Mendes P.R. Fluid mechanics measurements in non-Newtonian fluids, in Goldstem, R.J. (ed.) Fluid Mechanics Measurements, 2 Edition, Taylor and Francis, New York (1996). 

Whorlow, R.W., Rheological Techniques, 2nd ed., Ellis Horwood, London (1992). 

Barnes, H.A., Hutton, J.F. and Walters, K. An Introduction to Rheology. Elsevier, Amsterdam 

Binding, D.M. in Techniques in Rheological Measurement ed. A.A. Collyer, Chapman Hall, London (1993). 

The ontological status of linguistic entities was a prime concern of linguistics in the middle part of the twentieth century, but surprisingly has not been the subject of more 

The same lexeme being used as a noun and as a verb, which have different pronunciations (e.g. project). 

From abbreviated forms of two words producing the same written form (e.g. doctor 

By historical accident (e.g. bass-music and bass-fish). 

There are several textbooks of introductory inorgarric chemistry. As these take a different approach from me, they are best read after this course, as a complement to it. However, I shall occasionally suggest that you look up something in a standard textbook, so it would be helpful if you had one to hand. 

and Wake W.C. Structural Adhesive Joints in Engineering, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1984, 

Aitken, D.F. (Ed), Engineer s Handbook of Adhesives, The Machinery Pub. Co., Brighton, 1972. 

Adhesives, Sealants and Encapsulants (ASE) Conferences, London. November 1985 and 1986. See papers on applications in the proceedings from Network Events, Buckingham. 

Engineering Applications of Adhesives, Seminar, London, 1988. Papers from Butterworth Scientific, Guildford. 

Beitz W (1993), Designing for Ease of Recycling , Journal of Engineering Design, 4,11-23. 

International Solid Waste Association (ISWA) www.iswa.org. 

Mounter S (1999), Enforcing Medical Device Regulations for Medical Textiles . Index 99 Congress-Medical Session, Geneve, Switzerland. 

Patel S R, Urech D, Werner H P (1998), The Surgical Gowns and Drapes of Tomorrow . 

Werner H P (2000), The Standardisation of Hospital Textiles and Hygiene Aspects of Hospitals , FiberMed2000 Conference, Tampere, Finland. 

Alfven, H., 1990. Cosmology in the plasma universe an introductory exposition. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 18, 5. 

Amstein, C.F., Hartman, P.A., 1975. Adaptation of plastic surfaces for tissue culture by glow discharge. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2, 46—54. 

Andrady, A.L., Neal, M.A., 2009. Apphcations and societal benefits of plastics. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364, 1977-1984. 

Arciola, C.R., Alvi, F.I., An, Y.H., Campoccia, D., Montanaro, L., 2005. Implant infection and infection resistant materials a mini review. Int. J. Artif Organs 28, 1119. 

Beamson, G., Briggs, D., 1992. High Resolution XPS of Organic Polymers The Scienta ESCA300 Database. Wiley and Sons, Chichester. 

Dziezak, J.D. (1986) Antimicrobial agents a means towards product stability. Food Technol 40(9), 104-110, 136. 

Herrmann, K. (1990) Significance of hydroxycinnamic acid compounds in food I. Antioxidant activity - Effects on the use, digestibility and microbial spoilage of food. Chem. Mikrobiol Technol. Lebensm. 12, 137-144. 

Mirvish, S.S. (1991) The significance for human health of nitrate, nitrite and A-nitroso compounds. In Nitrate Contamination. NATO ASI Series, vol. G 30. (eds Bogdrdi, I. and Kuzelka, R.D.). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany. 

BiUmeyer, F. W., Textbook of Polymer Science, Wiley, New Wjrk, 1963. 

Polymers Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials (2nd edn), Blackie Academic Professional, London, 1997. 

Polymer Physics, Chapman and Hall, London, 1995. 

Hamley, I. W., The Physics of Block Copolymers, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998. Sperling, L., Introduction to Physical Polymer Science (3rd edn), Wiley, New York, 2001. Tadokoro, H., Structure of Crystalline Polymers, Wiley, New York, 1979. 

) and Germain, G.L. (1969). Damage Control. New York American Management Association. 

Australia. (2000). Planning Occupational Safety and Health. 5th edn. Sydney CCH, Australia. 

Guarnieri, M. (1992). Landmarks in the History of Safety. Journal of Safety Research, 23(3), 151-8. 

Haddon, W. (Jr.) (1963). A Note Concerning Accident Theory and Research with Special Reference to Motor Vehicle Accidents. Annals of the NY Academy of Sciences, 107, 635-46. 

Haddon, W (Jr.) (1967). The Prevention of Accidents, Chapter 33 in Textbook of Preventive Medicine (Clark and MacMahon (eds)), Boston, Mass. Little Brown. Haddon, W (Jr.) (1973). Energy Damage and the Ten Countermeasure Strategies, Jowwo/ ofTrauma, 13(4), 321-31. 

Particle Size Measurement (Powder Technology Series), 5th edn, Chapman Hall (November 1997), ISBN 0 41275 350 2 Bernhardt, 1. C., Particle Size Analysis—Classification and Sedimentation Methods, Chapman Hall (September 1994), ISBN 0 41255 880 7 Gy, P. and Royle, A. G. (translator). Sampling for Analytical Purposes, John Wiley Sons Ltd (abridged 153 pages) (July 1998), ISBN 0 47197 956 2 Kaye, B. H., Characterization of Powders and Aerosols, John Wiley Sons Ltd (January 1999), ISBN 3 52728 853 8 

Ortega-Rivas, E. and Svarovsky, L., A direct combined method for measuring particle size distribution in obtaining grade efficiency curves . Powder Handling and Processing, Vol. 6, No. 4, 401-404 (October/December 1994) also in Processing Part IV, Trans Tech Publications, ISBN 0 87849 124 4, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 31-34 (2000) 

FPS Institute, England and University of Pardubice, Czech Republic 

Imperfection in the performance of any real separation equipment can be characterized by the separation efficiency. In this chapter basic definitions are given together with the relationships between the efficiency and particle size distributions of various combinations of the feed, underflow or overflow product streams. Practical considerations for grade efficiency testing and total efficiency prediction are given, together with worked examples. 

Much of the material in this chapter is review, and if you are not familiar with the material in Section 

you should consult your introductory texts in general chemistry, organic chemistry, and /or physical chemistry. Selected references to more advanced topics are given below. 

Qualitative Molecular Orbital Theory, Perturbation Theory, and Group Orbitals 

Albright, T. A., Burdett, J. K., and Whangbo, M.-H. (1985). Orbital Interactions in Chemistry, John Wiley Sons, New York. 

Borden, W. T. (1975). Modern Molecular Orbital Theory for Organic Chemists, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 

A more detailed discussion of many of the topics discussed in this chapter is given by Bates (1964). 

Molarity ApHh Molarity ApHvi Molarity ApHy, 

Boric acid, phosphoric acid, phenylacetic acid.  

Acetic acid, phenolsulphonic acid, phosphoric acid.f 

Baerns, M., Hofmann, H., and Renken, A., Chemische Reaktionstechnik, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1992. 

Baldyga, J. and Bourne, J.R., Turbulent Mixing and Chemical Reactions, Wiley New York, 1999. 

Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Design, 2nd Edition, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000. 

Delahay (1965) Double Layer afid Electrode Kinetics Wiley loteri oi, New York. 

Albery (1975) Electrode Kinetics Oaire on Press, Oxford. 

4 E Gileadi, E. Kirowa-Eisner and J. Penciner (1975) Interfacial Electrochemistry An Experimental Approach Addtson-Wesley, Reading, MA, 

Plctchcr and J. Robinson (1985) tal Methods in Ekeiro mi Mrft Ellis Horwood, 

Newman (1973) Ehclhrocimmccd Systems Prenticc-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 

Colijn, H. (19 5) Mechanical Conveyors for Bulk Solids. Elsevier, Oxford. 

Haugland, L. (September 1996) Air assisted gravity conveyors. The POSTEC Newsletter No. 15. 

Inculet, 1.1. Strathdee, G.G. (1988) Electrostatic beneficiation of potash ores. In Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Conference Record of the 1988 IEEE. 

Latkovic, D. Levy, E.K. (August 1991) Flow characteristics of fluidized magnetite powder in an inclined open channel. Powder Technol., 67(2), 207—216. 

Marjanovic, R, Stanojevic, M., Todorovic, B. Vlajcic, A. (1993) The influence of variable operating conditions on the design and exploitation of air-sUde systems in thermo-power stations. In Conference Proceedings of Reliable Flow of Particulate Solids 11, Oslo, Norway, 23-25 August. 

Koryta and J. Dvorak (1987) Principles of Electrochemistry, Wiley, Chichester. 

Bassett, D.C., Principles of Polymer Morphology, Cambridge University Press (1981). 

Billmeyer, F.W., Textbook of Polymer Science (3rd edn.), Wiley-Interscience, New York (1984). Cowie, J.M.G., Polymers Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials, International Textbook Co. 

Haslam J., Willis, H.A. and Squirrell, D.C.M., Identification and Analysis of Plastics (2nd edn.), Iliffe [Butterworth], London (1972). 

Parker, D.B.V., Polymer Chemistry, Elsevier-Applied Science, Amsterdam (1974). 

We collect here a number of general books on the physics of solids. Material in these books goes well beyond the topics covered in the present chapter and is relevant to many other topics covered in subsequent chapters. 

Solid State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin (Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, 1976). 

This is a comprehensive and indispensable source on the physics of solids it provides an inspired coverage of most topics that had been the focus of research up to its publication. 

Introduction to Solid State Theory, O.Madelung (Springer-Verlag, 

This book represents a balanced introduction to the theoretical formalism needed for the study of solids at an advanced level it covers both the single-particle and the many-body pictures. 

From natural bone graft to tissue engineering therapeutics brainstorming on pharmaceutical formulative requirements and challenges. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 98, 1317-1375. 

Habraken, W.J., Wolke, J.G., Jansen, J.A., 2007. Ceramic composites as matrices and scaffolds for drug delivery in tissue engineering. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 59, 234-248. 

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Excellent reviews on beer spoilage bacteria have been published in recent years by Suzuki (2011), Vriesekoop et al. (2012) and Bokulich and Bamforth (2013). The Journal of the Institute of Brewing s archive (1890-present) also provides an excellent source of information on brewing microbiology aspects. 

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Subsystem p may now be called the surroundings or as Callen (see further reading at the end of this article) does, in an excellent discussion of this problem, a source . To fomudate this mathematically one notes that, if dj.S P = 0, one can then write... 

Intramolecular dipole-dipole (DD) 2 Reorientation of the Inter-nuclear axis Very common for / = 1/2 Further reading... 

Scalar coupling 0 Relaxation of the coupled spin or exchange Can be Important for T2 Further reading... 

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