TOPICAL other

Besides the catalysts mentioned in the introductory part of this topic, other catalytic systems were used successfully in diene hydrogenation. An example is NiH(PPh3)(AlCLt), which hydrogenated 1,4-cyclohexadiene to cyclohexene in toluene at 40 °C28. 

This chapter begins by summarising the recent review articles on this topic. Other topics such as sources and physico-chemical characteristics of ambient and emerging nanoparticles (i.e. ENPs) are then covered briefly for the completeness of the article. This is then followed by the assessment of nanoparticles in numerous European cities, estimation of respiratory deposition doses and a brief discussion on current and future prospects of their regulatory control. In what follows, the terms airborne nanoparticle and ENP refer to total particles, currently mainly produced by vehicles, and nanomaterials-derived products, respectively. 

Regarding research on topics other than those related to yeast expression systems, Betenbaugh and Lee et al., and Jarvis et al. reported synthesis of proteins with modified human type carbohydrates using insect cells [59,60,61,62]. Abei et al. and Shultz et al. reported innovative techniques allowing synthesis of glycoproteins with Escherichia coli serving as the host [63,64,65]. Further advances are expected in these fields of research. 

The anabolic steroids include danazol, mcthyltestosteronc, ethylestrenol, methandrostenolone, nandrolonc, oxandrolone, oxymetholone, stanozolol, and tetraliy-drogestrinone (brand names include Anadrol, Anavar, Danocrine, Dianabol, Metan-dren, and Winstrol). Although some may be taken orally or topically, others must be injected to be effective (see Table 14.2). The metabolism and elimination of steroids arc variable. Steroids can be detected reliably in urine for 4 to 14 days after use, but there are reports of positive urine tests as long as 13 months after the use of nan-drolone (Marshall, 1988). 

Beside these topics, other concerns, obstacles and motivations should be taken into consideration. These include the risk of contamination from genetically modified (GM) crops (since they are presently not allowed in organic farming), organic input availability, market information, administrative burden of controls and development pressures near urban areas. 

Special Topic Other Synthetic Routes to Acid Derivatives... 

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