Human pluripotent stem cell

McDevitt TC, Palecek SP. 2008. Innovation in the culture and derivation of pluripotent human stem cells. Curr Opin Biotechnol 19 527-33. 

Brady RP, Newberry MS, Girard VW. The Food and Drug Administration s Statutory and Regulatory Authority to Regulate Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. In Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research, vol. 1. Report and Recommendations of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, Appendix D, pp. 93-8. 

Bieberich E, Silva J, Wang G, Krishnamurthy K, Condie BG. Selective apoptosis of pluripotent mouse and human stem cells by novel ceramide analogues prevents teratoma formation and enriches for neural precursors in ES cell-derived neural transplants. J. Cell Biol. 2004 167 723-734. 

Human embryonic stem cells were first collected in 1998 by two different research teams. The cells obtained from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst (4- to 5-day embryo) are embryonic stem cells (ESC) in contrast, cells cultured from the primordial germ cells of 5- to 9-week fetuses are embryonic germ cells (EGC). In the laboratory, ES or EG cells can proliferate indefinitely in an undifferentiated state but can also be manipulated to become specialized or partially specialized cell types, a process known as directed differentiation. Both ES and EG cells are pluripotent, meaning they have the potential to develop into more than 200 different known cell types. This class of human stem cells holds the promise of being able to repair or replace cells or tissues that are damaged or destroyed by many of our most devastating diseases and disabilities. 

Laurenza I, Pallocca G, Mennecozzi M, Scelfo B, Pamies D, Bal-Price A (2013) A human pluripotent carcinoma stem cell-based model for in vitro developmental neurotoxicity testing effects of methylmercury, lead and aluminum evaluated by gene expression studies. Int J Dev Neurosci 31(7) 679-691... 

Another quantum leap for modern biotechnology was the first cloned mammal by Ian Willmut in 1996 (see his quote for Modern Biopharmaceuticals ) by means of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) -the sheep Dolly . Then, in 2004, the first human embryo was cloned by a team led by Woo Suk Hwang, who was able to obtain pluripotent embryonic stem cells by SCNT of reprogrammed human adult cells. The highly differentiated genetic pro-... 

Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952) Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo. J Physiol 116 449-472 Hoekstra M, Mummery CL, Wilde AA et al (2012) Induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardio-myocytes as models for cardiac arrhythmias. Front Physiol 3 346, eCollection 2012 Jonsson MK, Vos MA, Mirams GR et al (2012) Application of human stem cell-derived cardio-myocytes in safety pharmacology requires caution beyond hERG. J Mol Cell Cardiol 52 998-1008... 

Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Yamanaka S et al (2007) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131 861-872... 

Ronaghi M, Erceg S, Moreno-Manzano V, Stojkovic M (2010) Challenges of stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury Human embryonic stem cells, endogenous neural stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells Stem Cells 28 93-99... 

There are two general avenues for stem cell research pluripotent and multipotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells are obtained by two methods. One method is to harvest the clusters of cells from the blastocysts of human embryos. Another method is the isolation of pluripotent cells from fetuses in terminated pregnancies. Multipotent stem cells are derived from umbihcal cords or adult... 

Stem cells and cell therapy is the use of pluripotent and multipotent cells to generate healthy cells and tissues to replace the faulty ones in disease conditions. The main ethical questions are the source of the cells and the possibility of cloning humans. 

Stem cells are present in the earliest stage of embryonic development the blastocyst. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they are capable of generating any terminally differentiated cell in the human body that is derived from any one of the three embryonic germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm [8]. All the body s organs arise through a series of divisions and differentiations from the original embryonic stem cells that form the blastocyst [3]. 

Kogler, G., Sensken, S., Airey, J. A., et al. (2004), A new human somatic stem cell from placental cord blood with intrinsic pluripotent differentiation potential, /. Exp. Med., 200(2), 123-135. 

Hwang WS, Ryu YJ, Park JH, Park ES, Lee E, Koo, JM, Jeon HY, Lee BC, Kang SK, Kim SJ, Ahn C, Hwang JH, Park KY, Cibelli JB, Moon SY (2004), Evidence of a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell line derived from a cloned blastocyst, Science 303 1669-1674. 

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